Abstract

This paper exploits a natural quasi-experiment to isolate the effects that were uniquely due to Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX): US firms with a public float under $75 million could delay Section 404 compliance, and foreign firms under $700 million could delay the auditor’s attestation requirement. As designed, Section 404 led to conservative reported earnings, but also imposed real costs. Net-in-net, SOX compliance reduced the market value of small firms.

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