The effect of several diphosphonates on acid phosphohydrolases and other lysosomal enzymes

Abstract

Diphosphonates are known to inhibit bone resorption in tissue culture and in experimental animals. This effect may be due to their ability to inhibit the dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals, but other mechanisms may be important. Since lysosomal enzymes have been implicated in the process of bone resorption, we have examined the effect of several phosphonates and of a polyphosphate (P 20,i) on lysosomal hydrolases derived from rat liver and rat bone. Dichloromethylene diphosphonate strongly inhibited acid β-glycerophosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) and acid p- nitrophenyl phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) and to a lesser degree (in descending order) acid pyrophosphatase (EC 3.1.3.-), arylsulfatase A (EC 3.1.6.1), deoxyribonuclease II(EC 3.1.4.6) and phosphoprotein phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.16) of rat liver. Inhibition of acid p- nitrophenyl phosphatase and arylsulfatase A was competitive. Ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate did not inhibit any of these enzymes, except at high concentrations. Neither dichloromethylene diphosphonate nor ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate had any effect on β-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31), arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2) and cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5). Of several other phosphonates tested only undec-10-ene-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid inhibited acid p- nitrophenyl phosphatase strongly, the polyphosphate (P 20,i) had little effect. Acid p- nitrophenyl phosphatase in rat calvaria extract behaved in the same way as the liver enzyme and was also strongly inhibited by dichloromethylene diphosphonate, but not by ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate. It is suggested that the inhibition of bone resorption by dichloromethylene diphosphonate might be due in part to a direct effect of this diphosphonate on lysosomal hydrolases.