The Effect of Seaweed Extract Biostimulant on Growth and Yield of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

Application of biostimulants and organic nutrient sources derived from natural tree leaf extracts holds potential for enhancing crop productivity. Field experiments were conducted during October–March 2020–21 and 2021–22 in a Typic Fluvaquent in West Bengal, India, to assess effects of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract (MLE) and neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract (NLE) on the growth, yield, and economic return of eggplants (Solanum melongena L). Six foliar spray treatments were applied: T0 (control with distilled water), T1 (weekly MLE), T2 (weekly NLE), T3 (weekly MLE and NLE), T4 (MLE and NLE spray at 2-week intervals), and T5 (MLE and NLE at 3-week intervals), in a randomised block design with five replications. The findings revealed that the weekly MLE and NLE (T3) spray exhibited the best results in terms of plant height (86.6 cm), number of branches (19.2), leaves (33.5), leaf size (29.4 cm), and thickness (0.62 cm), as well as the maximum number of flowers (26.5) and fruits (42.9), fruit length (20.9 cm), diameter (4.7 cm), and weight (122.5 g), and overall yield (23.36 t ha−1). The same treatment also delivered superior nutritional quality and the lowest incidence of shoot and fruit borer infestation (26.2%), alongside the highest benefit–cost ratio (2.4). Biochemical attributes, including chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins, polyphenols, vitamin C, protein, and soluble sugar concentrations, were also at peak for T3. Thus, foliar spray combining MLE and NLE offered an effective source of biostimulants and nutrients in organic production to boost eggplant growth, productivity, nutritional value, and profitability.

Effect of NPK Mutiara and Cow Manure Fertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) Objective of the research was (1) to study the effect of NPK Mutiara and cow manure fertilizers, as well as their interaction on the growth and yield of purple eggplant; and (2) to find out the proper NPK Mutiara dan cow manure fertilizers dosage that affect high yield. The research was carried out in Melapeh Baru Village, Linggung Bigung Sub Disctrict of West Kutai District, East Kalimantan Province. It lasted for four months (February 2013 to May 2013). The Randomised Completely Block Design was employed for this research with factorial 4 x 4 and 3 replications. The first factor was NPK Mutiara fertilizer (M), consisted of 4 levels: no NPK Mutiara application (m0), 20 gr per plant (m1), 40 gr per plant (m2) ,and 60gr per plant(m3). And the second factor was cow manure fertilizer (P) consisted of 3 levels : no NPK Pelangi application (p0), 500 gr per plant(p1), 750gr per plant (p2) ,and1000 gr per plant (p3). Results of the research indicated that: The application of NPK Mutiara fertilizer affected significantly on plant height at 30 and 45 days after sowing, number of fruits per plant, length of fruit, heavy fruit per crop, and weight per piece. The highest heavy fruit per crop was attained on 20 gr per plant NPK Mutiara application with 1587,78 gr per plant, meanwhile the lowest one was found on no NPK Mutiara application with only 825 gr per plant. The application of cow manure fertilizer affected very significantly on plant height at 15, 30, and 45 days after sowing, number of fruits per plant, length of fruit, heavy fruit per crop, and weight per piece. The highest production of heavy fruit per crop was attained on 500 gr per plant cow manure application with 1644 gr per plant, meanwhile the lowest one was found on no cow manure application with only 425,16 gr per plant; and The interaction effect between NPK Mutiara and cow manure fertilizers application was significant on number of fruits per plant, length of fruit, heavy fruit per crop, and weight per piece, and not significant on plant height at 15 days after sowing, and fruit diameter.

Eggplant (Solanum melongena) is one of the widely known vegetables of the Solanaceae family, and is derived from the wild African species, Solanum incanum. They were domesticated in Southeast Asia, particularly in Northeast India and Southeast China, more than 2000 years ago. The study aims to influence of post-emergence herbicides and rates on the growth and yield of eggplant in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A field experiment was conducted at Akwa Ibom State University Teaching and Research Farm, Obio Akpa Campus in 2023 to assess the influence of post-emergence herbicides and rates on the growth and yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) in Obio Akpa. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with split plot arrangement and replicated four times. The main treatments were 2 types of herbicides Starforce 150 EC (fluazifop-P-butyl) and Bentazone-3(1-methlethyl)-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), while the sub-treatments were 4 rates of application (1,2,3 kg a.i/ha and a control plot of no herbicide application). Data were taken on plant height(cm), number of branches, leaf area index, number of fruits per plant, length of fruit per plant(cm), fruit girth(cm), weight of fruits per plant(kg) and fruit yield (t/ha). Bentazone recorded stunted growth and the lowest fruit yield, with more yield reduction as the rate of application was increased, while Starforce showed the best growth and yield attributes. Similarly, application of 2.0 kga.i/ha favoured the growth and yield of eggplant across herbicides. To improve yield in eggplant production, proper selection of post-emergence herbicides should be one of the criteria for effective weed control despite other constraints facing its production. However, the interaction of herbicide type and rates showed Starforce at 2.0 kga.i/ha with the best growth and yield of 15.68t/ha and it is therefore recommended for weed control in eggplant production in the study area.

Objectives of the research were: (1) to study the effect of kind and dosage Organic fertilizer, as well as their interaction on the growth and yield of eggplant; (2) to find kind and profer dosage of organic fertilizer for better growth and yield of eggplant. The research was carried out from February to May 2013, since preparation of growing media until crop harvested. It was held at Purwodadi Urban Village, Linggang Bigung Sub-District, West Kutai District. The Completely Randomised Design was employed for this research with factorial 2 x 5 and 4 replications. The first factor was kind of organic fertilizer (P) that consisted of 2 levels: cow manure fertilizer (p1), and bokashi of cow manure fertilizer (p2). And the second factor was dosage of organic fertilizer (D) that consisted of 2 levels: no organic fertilizer (d0), 2,50 Mg ha -1 equal to 18,75 g polybag -1 (d1); 5,00 Mg ha -1 equal to 37,50 g polybag -1 (d2); 7,50 Mg ha -1 equal to 56,25 g polybag -1 (d3); and 10,00 Mg ha -1 equal to 75,00 g polybag -1 (d4). Results of the research revealed that: (1) the kind of organic fertilizer affected significantly to very significantly on the plant height at 45 days after planting, length of fruit, and diameter of fruit, while no significant on the the plant height at 15 and 30 days after planting, number of leaf at 15, 30, and 45 days after planting, days of crop flowered, days of crop harvested, number of fruit per crop, and fruit weight per crop. The weighest fruit was attained by bokashi of cow manure fertilizer (p2), namely 0,74 kg per crop, whereas the lightest one was by cow manure fertilizer (p1) with only 0,72 kg per crop; (2) the organic fertilizer dosage affected significant until very significantly on the plant height at 30 and 45 days after planting, number of leaf at 45 days after planting, days of crop flowered, days of crop harvested, number of fruit per crop, length of fruit, and fruit weight per crop; but no significant on the the plant height at 15 days after planting, number of leaf at 15 and 30 days after planting, and diameter of fruit. The weighest fruit was attained by 75,00 g polybag -1 treatment (d4), namely 0,85 kg per crop and the lightest one was by no organic fertilizer application treatment (d0) with only 0,66 kg per crop; and (3) the interaction between those two factors no significant on the all parameters, exceptly on the plant height at 30 days after planting.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of doses of cow manure and NPK fertilizer on the growth and yield of purple eggplant plants (Solanum melongena L) Mustang cultivar F1, as well as to determine the relationship between the components of growth with components of purple eggplant plants (Solanum melongena L). The study was conducted in the village of Cigintung, Kuningan District, Kuningan Regency from September 07, 2019 to November 24, 2019. The location was at an altitude of 400 m above sea level (asl) with clay type, rainfall type C (Slightly wet). The method used was an experimental method with a factorial Randomized block Design (RBD), the treatment consisted of two factors that were repated three times. The first factor is cow manure consisting of three levels (K 1 = 10 tons/ha, K 2 = 15 tons/ha, K3 = 20 tons/ha). The second factor is NPK fertilizer consisting of three levels (N 1 = 100 kg/ha, N 2 = 200 kg/ha, N 3 = 300 kg/ha). The results showed that the different treatment dosages of doses of cow nanure and NPK fertilizer do not have a real effect on all ages observations on plant height, number of fruit plants, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight per plant, fruit weight per plot.

The growth and the yield of eggplant plants are strongly influenced by the condition of the soil, and any damage to soil quality can cause unproductive plants according to its potential results. The addition of organic material in the form of biogas waste into the soil is expected to increase the yield of eggplant. This experiment aims at determining the best dose of biogas waste (sludge) to increase eggplant production. The experiment was carried out in Jember Lor village, Patrang, Jember, East Java with an altitude of ± 89 meters above sea level (masl). The experiment used a completely randomized design method (CRD) with 4 treatments, treatment L0: 0kg waste plant -1 ; L1: 0.6 kg of waste. L2: 1,2kg of waste plants -1 and L3: 2,2 kg of waste plants -1 . Each treatment was repeated 6 times with a total of 24 plants. Based on the results of the study, there was a very significant effect of sludge on variables of plant height, flowering age, harvesting age, fruit diameter, fruit length, and fruit weight. Sludge does not show a significant difference in plant diameter variables. The best treatment to have reached the plant height, fruiting age, harvesting age, fruit diameter, fruit length and fruit weight was the treatment of using a sludge with the dose of 1.2 kg polybag -1 (L2) with a height of 102.8 cm, different ages of 30.83 HST , harvest age of 56.73 HST, fruit diameter of 35.93 mm, fruit length of 17.95 cm and fruit weight of crop reached 1.36 kg (37.61 tons ha -1 ). Keywords: biogas waste, cow dung, eggplant, sludge.

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the horticultural vegetables that is widely distributed in Indonesia. It is just like other vegetables, and eggplant offers a variety of health benefits. Seaweed is one of a group of marine plants that containing many important minerals. Seaweed also contains a growth-promoting hormone. This research aims to study the effect of application of various types of local seaweed extracts on growth and yield of eggplant. The study was conducted using Randomized Block Design (RBD) which consist of 6 treatments: P0 = without fertilizer (control), P1 = fertilizer NPK, P2 = Seaweed Cauelerpa sp, P3 = Seaweed Sargassum sp, P4 = Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii, P5 = Seaweed Ulva sp. Each treatment is repeated 4 times to obtain 24 units of the experiment. The results of this research showed that the application of seaweed extracts significantly affected on growth and yield of eggplant plants (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant, fruit fresh weight, fruit dry weight and chlorophyll content but did not show significant on first flowering appear, roots fresh weight and root dry weight. All seaweeds show a potential to replace the use of NPK in improving the growth and yield of eggplant.

This present aimed to convert chicken manure and kitchen wastes into vermicompost, which riches not only in macro (N, P, K) and micro (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn) nutrients, but also phytohormones, antibiotics, different beneficial microbes and enzymes by red wiggler (Eisenia fetida). As well as use vermicompost at two levels (high = 6.5 and low= 3.5 t/fed.) with 3, 4 times and without of vermitea soil irrigated to increase the yield and quality of eggplant “cv. Black beauty” and may be a suitable replacement for chemical fertilizers. Each treatment had 3 replicates with 27 plants (9 plants/ plot) and RCBD were statistical analyzed. Effect of the treatments on the vegetation parameters, total yield and fruit quality of eggplant were determined. Investigation results cleared that, the application of high rate (6.5t/fed.) of vermicast + organic liquid (vermitea) 4 times as a soil drench lead to significantly increased on vegetative parameters e.g. plant height (157.67 cm. /plant), no. leaves/plant (141.6), no. of branches (9/plant), leaf area index (0.28), total cholorophyll (48.3 SPAD in leaves), no. of flowers (4.67/plant), no. of fruits/plant (4.67), fruit length and diameter (14.53 and 24.5 cm., respectively) and shoot dry weight (1511.2 g/plant) as an average of both sites compared to control plant. Quality nutritional status of eggplant fruits and green shoots biomass by using the high rate of vermicast (6.5t/fed.) + Vermitea (4 times) as an organic liquid on soil drenches (T1) more than other treatments. Significant increases in N (1.68), P (0.39) and K (3.45 mg/g) uptake of shoots, as an average of both sites at T1, but the lowest significant means were (0.88, 0.21 and 1.81 mg/g) of NPK uptake in shoots in the treated plants with R100% of NPK chemical fertilizers. T1 = high rate (6.5t/fed.) of vermicompost + fourth soil drench of vermitea gave the highest values in the chemical components of fruits. Significant increases of the percentage of N (3.5), P (0.40), K (2.1) and the highest significant amount of anthocyanin was 516.7 mg/g in fruits by treated plants with T1. Although, the lowest significant means were (1.8, 0.21 and 1.4 %) of fruits at T7 (=the recommended doses of NPK chemical fertilizers). As well as, this article revealed that, the high concentrations of vermicast and vermitea must be for improving plant health, protection growth and provides the optimum eggplant production.

This study aims to determine the interaction between concentration and time interval of liquid organic fertilizer application, to determine the best concentration of liquid organic fertilizer, to determine the best time interval of application of liquid organic fertilizer to growth and yield of eggplant. This research was conducted in Sudiang Raya Village, Biringkanaya District, Makassar City, South Sulawesi, from November 2021 to March 2022. This study was arranged using a factorial randomized block design (RAK) with 2 treatment factors. Parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, age of flowering, number of flowers, number of fruits, fruit length, fruit diameter and fruit weight. The results showed that there was the best interaction between concentration and time interval of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer application on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves and age of flowering. The application of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer with a concentration of 22.55 ml/L water gave the best effect on plant height parameters, namely 19.90 cm, number of leaves was 9.98 strands, flowering age was 32.27 DAP, number of flowers was 2.93 flowers , fruit length is 23.30 cm, fruit diameter is 4.07 cm and fruit weight is 69.62 grams. Then the time interval of giving liquid organic fertilizer 1 time/week gave the best effect on plant height parameters, namely 19.69 cm, flowering age 32.62, number of flowers 2.40 flowers, fruit length 23.27 cm, fruit diameter 3.76 cm and the weight of the fruit is 64.18 grams

The aims of this study was to analyze the effects of biological fertilizers Trichoderma sp on the growth and yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). The experiment used eggplant hybrid varieties and conducted in the village districts of Sekong village Rumingkang Cimanuk Pandeglang in Banten. Seven treatments of Trichoderma sp dose were tested in the experiment, namely 0g, 15g, 20g, 25g, 30g, 35g, and 40g / plant. The experiment used a randomized block design (RBD) and each treatment was repeated five times so that the total treatment unit was 35. Each polybag consisted of one plant. The results showed that the use of Trichoderma sp on various doses sp generate plant height, flower number, fruit number, fruit weight, fruit length, and dry weight was better than the plants that did not use the Trichoderma sp. The dose of Trichoderma sp was found best in T1 treatment with a dose of 15 grams/plant. Based on this study, further testing on Trichoderma sp. with higher dose and mixed with organic fertilizers is needed, as well as the need to do more research on plant diseases in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Key Words: Trichoderma sp., Biofertilizers, Purple eggplant

The effectiveness of liquid extracts from neem leaf (NLE), wood ash [WAE] and their modified forms (modified neem leaf MNLE) as fertilizer sources for improving soil fertility, growth and yield of garden egg (Solanium melogena L.) was demonstrated. Six treatments were tested, namely neem leaf extract, wood ash extract (WAE), modified neem leaf extract, poultry manure, N P K 15-15-15 fertilizer (NPK) and control (no fertilizer or extract). Results indicated significant increases (P<0.05) in plant height, leaf area, leaf population, number of branches, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, soil N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, content, and soil acidity under different fertilizer extracts compared to the control treatment. NLE yielded increased plant height, leaf area and stem girth of garden egg by 19.8%, 21.5% and 5% respectively compared to wood ash treatment[WAE]. As compared to NPK, NLE also yielded increased plant height and stem girth, while, NPK yielded increased leaf area and number of branches compared to NLE. Plant height and leaf area increased by 15% and 11% respectively under NLE treatment as compared to poultry manure. For the yield parameters, modified NLE yielded increased garden egg fruit weight, fruit length and fruit diameter by 37.5%, 41.55% and 31.3% respectively as compared to WAE, and fruit weight, length and diameter by 42%, 24% and 12.5% respectively as compared to NPK. When compared to poultry manure, NLE yielded increased fruit weight, length and diameter by 27.7%, 17.6% and 15% respectively. For soil chemical composition, WAE resulted in the highest value of soil pH while the modified NLE yielded the highest values of soil Ca, Mg and O.M(Organic matter). NPK had the highest values of N, P and K but decreased soil pH, Ca, Mg and O.M (Organic matter)., Modified neem leaf extract increased soil pH, Ca, Mg and O.M by 24%, 96%, 96% and 74.4% compared to N P K 15-15-15 fertilizer. This is because NPK fertilizer had highest K/Ca, K/Mg and P/Mg ratio signifying nutrient imbalance which might disturb uptake of K, Ca, Mg and P in soils. Modified neem leaf extract applied at 1200L/ha gave the best results in the growth, yield performance of garden egg and soil fertility improvement. This is a result of its combined nutrient superiority over the sole application of neem leaf, WAEs and poultry manure.

—Eggplant (Solanum Melongena L.) is one of the agricultural commodities needed and a kind of vegetables favored because it is not only good in the taste, it also contains potassium and vitamin A which can be beneficial for the body. Eggplant production in Indonesia is low, but the need is high. So it is necessary to increase production, one of them is conducting agricultural extensification. Agricultural extensification can be carried out on land that has not been used properly, such as raised-bog peatland. On the other hand, raised-bog peatland is marginal land that is poor in nutrients and acidic in nature, so that the condition of the peatland is not supportive for plant growth. Therefore, it is necessary to add organic materials such as chicken dung and swallow guano to support the growth and yield of eggplant on raised-bog peatland. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of chicken dung and swallow guano and their interaction on the yield of eggplant (Solanum Melongena L.) in the raised-bog peatland. This research used a group-randomized design (GRD) with 2 factors: chicken dung and swallow guano as fertilizer with 3 equal levels (a1/w1 = 5 tons/ha; a2/w2 = 10 tons/ha; a3/w3 = 15 tons/ha). The parameter observed and measured were the yield of eggplant. The results showed that the single use of swallow guano as fertilizer had a significant effect on fruit diameter and length, the quantity of fruit for each plant, the average weight of fresh fruit, fruit weight for each plant, and fruit weight for each hectare. On the other hand, the use of chicken dung as fertilizer had a significant effect on the number of fruit per plant, fruit weight per plant, and fruit weight per hectare. The results showed that the best eggplant yield component was obtained from the addition of swallow guano fertilizer at a dose of 15 t ha-1, namely resulted in a fruit weight per plant of 541,14 g tan-1 and a total fruit weight per ha of 12,88 t ha-1. Whereas in chicken dung fertilizer treatment, the most optimum dose is 10 t ha1 which can produce eggplant fruit weight per plant of 531,56 g tan-1 and 12,66 t ha-1 in total eggplant fruit weight per ha.

Forty nine hot pepper accessions collected from different agroecologies were compared in a 7x7 simple lattice design to estimate genetic variability and understand the association of characters. Plant characters and yield components were evaluated and analyzed accordingly. The values of genotypic correlation coefficients were higher in magnitude than phenotypic values in most instances in which fruit yield per plant showed high positive significant genotypic correlation value with pericarp thickness (r = 0.91) and number of fruits per plant (r = 0.61). On the other hand, significant negative associations were registered with days to flowering (r = -0.73) and 50% fruiting period (r = -0.75). The phenotypic correlation coefficient of most characters with yield was not significant except for flowering period, fruit length and number of fruits per plant. The path coefficient analysis indicated that pericarp thickness (mm) (5.5), fruit diameter (mm) (1.4), number of fruits per plant (0.8), number of branches (0.33) and flowering period (0.2) had the highest direct positive effect. However, fruit weight (-2.8), number of internodes (-1.66), leaf area index (-1.6) and plant height (-0.4) had a high negative direct effect on yield. The genetic component analysis indicated that phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher in magnitude than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for most characters except pericarp thickness and leaf area index. Higher magnitude of GCV was observed in leaf area index (67%) followed by pericarp thickness (34%), number of branches, internode length (23%) and plant height. Close estimates of GCV and PCV were recorded from fruit and internode length, pericarp thickness and fruiting period. Very high PCV and very low GCV estimates were obtained from fruit weight and number of fruits, fruit yield, plant height and canopy width. Broad sense heritability was high for fruiting date, fruit length, plant height, internode length and fruit diameter. However, genetic advance as percent of the mean (GAM) was high to moderate for length and number of internodes, number of branches, fruit diameter and weight, pericarp thickness and leaf area index. Therefore, from this study, fruit diameter, pericarp thickness, leaf area index and internode length exhibited high to moderate genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation along with medium to high heritability and genetic advance and can be used as a selection criterion for pepper improvement program.

A field experiment was conducted at Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.), during the Rabi season of 2008–09 to study the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) with the objective to find out the best combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of brinjal for this region. Soil of the experimental field was sandy loam. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design having 14 treatments comprising of organic manures (farmyard manure, goat manure and vermi-compost) and inorganic fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) applied either alone or in combination. Combination of vermi-compost @ 10t ha−1 + 75% RDF (N: P: K @ 90: 60: 37.5 kg ha−1) recorded maximum plant height, number of leaves and branches per plant, leaf length, stem diameter, number of flowers and fruits per plant; length, diameter and weight of fruit; fruit yield per plant, per plot and per hectare; gross return, net return and cost: benefit ratio. Vermi-compost @ 10 t ha−1 + 75% RDF (N: P: K @ 90: 60: 37.5 kg ha−1) emerged as superior over all the other treatments in relation to growth, yield and yield attributing components, and finally economic returns for cultivation of brinjal under the agro-climatic conditions of this region.

This study aims to determine the growth response of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) to liquid organic fertilizer noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) grown in lebak swamps. In this study, a randomized block design (RBD) method was used which consisted of 6 treatments and 4 replications. The concentration of noni fruit extract used was P0 = 0 ml, P1 = 6 ml, P2 = 8 ml, P3 = 10 ml, P4 = 12 ml, P5 = 14 ml. Observations were made on plant height, number of branches, flowering time, fruit number and fruit length. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the response of plants to the influence of noni fruit liquid fertilizer was very good for the age of flowering, number of fruits, fruit length. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the administration of noni fruit liquid organic fertilizer has a very significant effect on the age of flowering and the number of fruits and has a significant effect on the length of eggplant fruit. In the P5 treatment with a concentration of 14 ml gave the best effect, it can be used as an effective dose for growing eggplant plants.