Abstract
Fluoride-substituted hydroxyapatite (FHA) can be used for biomaterial applications because it has biocompatible properties. FHA is formed by replacing flour ion (F−) with hydroxyl ion (OH−) from hydroxyapatite. This work aims to see the influence of changes in the form of acidity (pH) at the FHA synthesis process using microwave irradiation method. FHA nano-powder was synthesized using a titration of calcium hydroxide solution with diammonium hydrogen phosphate and ammonium fluoride, which will vary the level of fluoride at FHA by 0.9 and 1.3. Subsequently, HCl 1 M or NaOH 1 M to give a variation of pH value. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy analysis techniques were utilized to evaluate the characteristic of synthesized FHA nano-powder. The XRD and FTIR results showed that the powder with pH under control conditions had several additional formed phases such as chlorapatite and carbonate. The value of crystallinity had the distinction of each powder in each pH, but only pH control had crystallinity values, such as tooth enamel. Using the Scherrer formula, the average crystallite size was found around 21-80 nm. SEM and EDX characterization results showed the Ca/P ratio formed was 1.34. The results showed that the addition of acid resulted in the formation of a new phase which dominated and revamped some crystal parameters. Therefore, the synthesis in these conditions is not recommended.
Highlights
Problems with cavities are a scourge for public health
The decreased in the length of a side occurred due to strong electronegativity of fluorine s which could increase the building among the crystalline forming elements of Fluoride-substituted hydroxyapatite (FHA)
The synthesis process of FHA has been carried out in various variations of pH and different x values, but due to the addition of acidic and basic solutions, all these variations form several new phases, such as chlorapatite, chlorine substituted hydroxyapatite, and carbonate-hydroxyapatite, and only samples with control pH which results in the formation of the largest FHA
Summary
Problems with cavities are a scourge for public health. Data from the Indonesian Ministry of health in 2012 showed that in the 12-year age group, having cavities and not treated, were 43.4%, and those who had cavities were 67.2%. While the general picture of the Indonesian entire population on average has 5 cavities in each person [1]. The presence of bacterial activity and food waste results in the dissolution of mineral structures in the enamel layer causing cavities [2], and this can be corrected (remineralization) by the presence of fluoride or fluorine (F). In preventing the occurrence of cavities, Fluor can work systemically (in the body) and topically (outside the body). Fluoride is obtained through drinking water, food, and fluorine supplements. Topically it is obtained from toothpaste, mouthwash, and the application of fluorine which is done by dentists [3]
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