The effect of peppermint (Mentha piperita. L) essential oil aromatherapy on premenstrual syndrome: A randomized controlled trial protocol

Fish skin gelatin films incorporated with peppermint and citronella essential oils at difference concentrations (10, 20 and 30% w/w) were prepared by solution casting. Addition of peppermint oil contributed to a significant decrease of tensile strength and Young's modulus, while the percent elongation at break showed an obvious increase except at 30% w/w. On the other hand, addition of citronella oils promoted a great increase of tensile strength and young's modulus, but an intense decrease of the percent elongation at break. At the predetermined content, the film incorporated with citronella oils outperformed the one with peppermint oils in term of water vapor transmission and solubility in water. Thermal properties of gelatin films with citronella oils exhibited an enhancement in heat stability, while the one with peppermint oils showed slight decrease in heat stability. The additions with both of essential oils exhibited excellent antibacterial properties against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

The effects of odors (Lavender and Peppermint) on AEP (Auditory Evoked Potential) were studied with 15 healthy male subjects aged 22~39 y. o. (mean : 29.1 ± 4.8 y. o.). EEGs containing AEPs evoked by click stimuli once every 5 seconds were derived from the two derivations (3 ch : Cz→A1 +2, 6 ch : Cz→T5) , and recorded into magnetic tape. Reproducing the tape, AEPs with 1024 msec of analysis time were obtained by averaging 100 responses, and EEGs were subjected to the frequency analysis. In the experimental session, EEGs containing AEPs were recorded before, during and 15 and 30 minutes after the inhalation of odors of Lavender and Peppermint. Consecutive changes of group mean AEP were studied. Indivisual AEPs were subjected to the component analysis, and to the statistical assessment together with EEG. The following results were obtained. 1. Subjective assessment for the intensity and pleasantness of odors was not only so much different between Lavender and Peppermint, but close similar among the subjects. 2. During and after the inhalation of Lavender, latencies of the middle latency AEP including P2 latency, and latencies of long latency components (P6~) significantly or not significantly increased. Peak-to-peak amplitudes including P2-N2 of the middle latecy AEP significantly or not significantly decreased. During and after the inhalation of the odor of Peppermint, latencies of the middle latency AEP including P2 latency decreased but not significant, and peak-to-peak amplitudes including P2-N2 significantly or not significantly increased. Amplitudes of long latency component (P6~) did not change significantly. In conclusion, sedative effect of Lavender and a kind of stimulating effect of Peppermint on the middle latecy component were confirmed by AEP. 3. From the changes of P2, which derived from the brainstem reticular formation, it was said that Lavender inhibited, and Peppermint activated the reticular formation. Increased latencies of the long latency component of AEP during and after Lavender indicated the secondary inhibition of cortex succeeding to inhibition of the brainstem reticular formation. 4. Although the mechanism of olfactory system is not clarified, the odors of Lavender and Peppermint were might be differentiated in olfactory systems below neocortical olfactory area, and act on the reticular formation respectively inhibitorily or excitedly through the medial forebrain bundle. 5. It has been generally said that olfactory stimuli activate the CNS through the brainstem reticular formation, but inhibitory effect of Lavender similar to that of minor traquilizer, besides activating effect of Peppermint was verified for the first time by AEP.

Background: Despite the mental, physical, and behavioral problems of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in reproductive women, there is no general agreement on effective treatment. Objectives: To determine the safety and effectiveness of herbal medicine capsules of peppermint oil as a novel formulation used for the severity management of PMS symptoms. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out on 50 high school students who were diagnosed with PMS in Babol, Iran. The subjects were divided into two groups based on blocked randomization to receive capsules of Colpermin® containing the peppermint oil (187 mg peppermint oil/0.2 mL), or placebo twice daily for 10 days, from the 15th day of one period to the first day of the next period for two cycles. The degree of PMS was assessed using Delany’s PMS checklist with 28 items as primary, at the first luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and at the third luteal phase. Results: The PMS score was decreased for the two menstrual cycles, from 30.3 ± 10.1 to 15.5 ± 6.0 in peppermint oil group and from 23.2 ± 7.0 to 20.7 ± 8.0 in the placebo group. The mean difference of the total PMS score between the two groups was -9.77; 95% CI: -12.52 to -7.02 (P < 0.0001). The number of participants needing treatment (NNT) for the peppermint oil group was approximately two compared with that of the placebo group. Conclusions: The proposed novel peppermint oil formulation was proved to be safe and may be used as an effective treatment for reducing the severity of PMS symptoms.

The fumigant effect of Mentha piperita and Ocimum basilicum oils and their mixture against adults and eggs of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) was evaluated. Bioassay experiments showed that Ocimum basilicum oil was significantly effective against adult and egg stage which was the least effective. However, in the fumigant toxicity experiments against adult stage, Ocimum basilicum oil at a dose of 1.0 μl/38.5 ml air caused 100% mortality (LC50 = 1.88), the mixture of both oils at a dose of 6.0 μl/38.5 ml air caused 100% mortality (LC50 = 10.3) and Mentha piperita oil at a dose of 80.0 μl/38.5 ml air caused 80.0% mortality (LC50 = 41.224) during a one day exposure period. Regarding the oviposition deterrent activity, Ocimum basilicum oil achieved 100% oviposition deterrent (at a dose of 0.5 μl/38.5 ml air) followed by the mixture of Mentha piperita and Ocimum basilicum oils, which achieved 71.22% oviposition deterrent (at a dose of 1.0 μl/38.5 ml air) and Mentha piperita oil, which achieved 39.6% oviposition deterrent (at a dose of 5.0 μl/38.5 ml air). The essential oils and their mixtures studied here determined a significant decrease in the number of eggs hatched and in the emergence of adults. The eggs failed to hatch on using Ocimum basilicum oil at a dose of 0.6 μl/38.5 ml air. However, the number of eggs hatched decreased to 7.4 on using a mixture of oils at a dose of 2.0 μl/38.5 ml air and 14.0 with Mentha piperita oil at a dose of 80.0 μl/38.5 ml air compared with 25.0 eggs hatched in the control experiments. On the other hand, the percentage reduction in emerging adults were 100% for Ocimum basilicum oil, 90.9% for a mixture of the two oils and 72.7% for Mentha piperita oil. Results showed that Ocimum basilicum oil and Ocimum basilicum oils plus Mentha piperita oils in blend are potential alternatives to synthetic fumigants in the treatment of durable agricultural products. Successful adoption of plant oils in the protection of food commodities promises an eco-friendly option compatible with international biosafety regulations.

Presently, there is an increasing shift towards the utilization of natural antioxidants and compounds with protective attributes for fatty acids in order to replace synthetic counterparts that may pose health risks. This transition aligns with the growing emphasis on promoting healthy and organic food choices. Essential oils stand out in this context due to scientific validations of their antioxidant properties. There are few published research results concerning changes in the fatty acid composition in model systems with the addition of essential oils. This study aims to investigate the impact of incorporating peppermint and thyme oils on inhibiting changes in the fatty acid profile of sunflower oil stored at both room temperature with exposure to daylight and in a thermostat set at 40 °C. The experimental procedure involved the addition of peppermint and thyme oils, along with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), to batches of sunflower oil. The samples were then stored for 11 months. The study observed a detrimental influence of storage conditions on the quantitative changes in the fatty acid profile of the sunflower oil. The addition of BHA stabilized the content of linoleic acid in the sunflower oil (approximately 53 g/100 g of linoleic acid compared to approximately 58 g/100 g in the control sample). Meanwhile, the model system of sunflower oil with the addition of peppermint and thyme oils (40 °C) exhibited a statistically significant decrease in the concentration of linoleic acid to approximately 8 g/100 g after eleven months of thermostating. Similar trends to those observed for linoleic acid were noted for the total fatty acid content in the sunflower oil. Notably, the efficacy of the selected substances in inhibiting adverse transformations in fats was contingent upon their concentration and the storage temperature.

Applications of nanotechnology in agriculture will result in the development of efficient and potential approaches towards the management of insect pests. The toxicity effects of four essential oils peppermint, thyme, camphor and sage oils were tested against the fourth instar larvae of Agrotis ipsilon to select the most effective essential oil to be converted to the nano form. According to the results obtained, peppermint oil was the most toxic compound, which has been used in the present investigation compared with neem oil. The toxicity of bulk and nano- formulations of neem and pepper mint oils were tested against 2nd and 4th instar larvae of A. ipsilon under laboratory conditions of 25±2 °C&amp; 65 -70 % R.H.relative humidity The results show that the LC50 value (the concentration used which kill 50% of the tested individuals)of loaded neem or pepper mint were lower (0.62 and 36.47 ppm) compared with neem or pepper mint oil nano-emulsion and bulk neem for the second larval instar. The different formulations of neem are more potent than in case of peppermint oil, as LC50 and LC90 values were significantly lower.The same trend was found concerning the 4th larval instar. Age of treated larvae had a detrimental effect on the response to the compounds tested. It was noticed that the younger larvae were much more sensitive to the prepared compounds compared to the older ones. The least LC50 value for loaded neem nano-emulsion was 6.68 ppm compared with the highest value for bulk neem oil (16.68 ppm ). Also, LC90 values followed the same trend as in case ofLC50. Again, the toxicity of loaded peppermint oil had the most insecticidal activity as expressed by the lowest LC50 value (51.9 ppm) with more insecticidal effect than the bulk(125.43 ppm) or nano-emulsion (85.43 ppm). The present results indicated that these novel systems could be used in integrated pest management program for A. ipsilon control.

A study was conducted to determine the performance, carcase and gastrointestinal tract (gut) characteristics of broilers fed diets supplemented with dry peppermint (&lt;I&gt;Mentha piperita&lt;/I&gt; L.) or thyme (&lt;I&gt;Thymus vulgaris&lt;/I&gt; L.) leaves, which are among the alternative growth promoters. In the study, 312 one-week-old broilers (Ross-308) were used. There were 3 dietary treatments, each consisting of 4 replications (13 males and 13 females in each replication). The control group was fed basal diet, while the peppermint and thyme groups were fed diets supplemented with 0.2% peppermint or thyme (w/w) as menthol and thymol (70 mg per kg diet) sources, respectively. From 7 days to 35 days of age, the body weight gain was higher (&lt;I&gt;P&lt;/I&gt; &lt; 0.05) in broilers fed the peppermint-supplemented diet compared to the control, but the effect of peppermint on body weight gain disappeared at 42 days of age. Feed intake, feed to gain ratio, carcase weight, carcase yield, and the relative weights of the edible inner organs and whole gut, and the relative length of the whole gut were not significantly affected by peppermint and thyme contents. The peppermint or thyme leaves increased (&lt;I&gt;P&lt;/I&gt; &lt; 0.05) the abdominal fat pad at 42 days of age. Thus, the dry peppermint leaves had a higher growth promoting efficacy than the dry thyme leaves at an early stage of broilers’ life, but an increase in abdominal fat should be taken into account for carcase quality and processing.

Effect of peppermint ( Mentha piperita) oil on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of feed with buffalo rumen liquor

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of peppermint and thyme essential oil mist on performance, blood parameters and lymphoid organ indices in broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted on 360 broilers raised until 42 days of age. One-day-old chicks were divided into three groups (n = 120): control group (C – misted with pure water) and two experimental groups (PO – misted with peppermint essential oil, and TO – misted with thyme essential oil) and placed in three separate experimental rooms. Growth performance (BW – body weight, WG – weight gain, FCR – feed conversion ratio), blood parameters (RBC – red blood cells, HGB – haemoglobin concentration, HCT – haematocrit levels, leukogram, serum protein and protein fractions), and lymphoid organ indices were assessed during the production cycle. Our results demonstrate that the use of EO mist does not exert adverse effects on broiler health, and that PO mist can increase BW and WG in broiler chickens. Mean RBC parameters at slaughter were higher in broilers exposed to PO mist. An analysis of blood parameters and lymphoid organ indices revealed that EO could positively influence the immune systems of birds. Higher values of gamma-globulin concentration as well as the weights and growth indices of lymphoid organs were noted in experimental groups. Keywords: Blood parameters, broilers, essential oils, lymphoid organs, performance

Introduction: Discomfort, fear, and pain are major challenges for pregnant women during childbirth, potentially impeding the progress of labour. Many women opt for non-pharmacological methods, such as moxibustion, acupressure, and essential oil aromatherapy, to avoid medical induction due to their simplicity, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of these combined methods in reducing pain and accelerating cervical dilation during childbirth. Method: This study employed a quantitative research design with a two-group pre-post test approach. The sample comprised 30 parturient women in the first stage of labour at the Independent Midwifery Practice within the Denpasar Health Centre’s service area, divided into intervention and control groups. Data analysis was conducted to evaluate differences in pain management between the two groups using the Wilcoxon test, while the effectiveness of cervical dilation treatment in both groups was assessed using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: The findings indicated a significant difference in pain levels (0.000 &lt; 0.05) following the application of the moxibustion method with acupressure and essential oil aromatherapy. However, there was no significant difference in cervical dilation between the control and intervention groups post-treatment (0.902 &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: The moxibustion method, combined with acupressure and essential oil aromatherapy, did not show a significant difference in cervical dilation between the control and intervention groups. This study has several limitations, including a relatively small sample size and a short observation period.

Two storage experiments were carried out at El-Mansoura Horticultural Research Station, Dakahalia Governorate, Egypt, during four months of storage in summer seasons of 2013 and 2014 for studying the effect of seven treatments, i.e,. natural essential oils and selecron on storability and quality of potato tubers and reduction percentages in the infestations potato tubers moth (PTM) under Nawwala condition. These treatments such as ; clove oil, garlic oil, lemonion oil, eucalyptus oil, peppermint oil, basil oil, mixture of these oils and selecron. The obtained results revealed that all storage treatments expect, selecron and control gave different significantly in all studied characters. Using peppermint and clove oils recorded the lowest significant values of sprouting percentage, sprout weight, sprout length and weight of loss percentage in both seasons. The highest values of dry matter %, starch% and vitamin C were recorded with peppermint oil, but the lowest sugar percentage was obtained by using the same treatment during two seasons. Results indicated that the effects of essential oils and selecron under storage in Nawwala conditions on Phthorimaea operculla (Zell.) (PTM), after four months of storage, the tubers infestation in control were (48- 48.67%), while the mean reduction percentages of infestation ranged between (94.10- 98.86% and 93.23- 96.84) during two seasons of 2013/2014 respectively. Peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil, clove oil and mixture oils gave highest mean reduction percentages of infestation such as selecron. Generally, the obtained data indicated that all used oils offered the highest protection. Also, the results in laboratory showed that the effects of oil treatments on larvae PTM recorded significantly variation according to the type of oil and time of exposure which showed fatal action on the larvae of PTM. The efficacy of Peppermint oil, Eucalyptus oil, clover oil and Mixer oils were the best. The percent of mortality ranged between (76.14 and 100%) compared with selecron. Also, all oils were used effected inhibitor action on adults. The inhibition of egg laying and reduction percentages ranged between were (47.54 %and 95.02 %) of peppermint oil and galaric oils, respectively. This study recommends that it can be sprayed peppermint oil concentration at (2 cm 3 / L / ton) three times during the storage of potato tubers in Nawwala for (4 months) in order to reduce the proportion of sprouting and weight loss and rotting and get a higher percentage of dry matter, starch and less injuries Pferashh (PTM) in tubers. Finally, it could be recommended with peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil, clove oil and mixer oils were the best during storage to obtain the best characters storage and quality. These natural treatments are very safe and potent in improving storability and greatly decreasing PTM insect infection during storage conditions in Nawwala on potato tubers.

Dactylogyrus sp. (Monogenea) is one of the most dangerous pathogens causing parasitic infections in carp (Cyprinus carpio) and other freshwater fish. Due to the adverse effects of conventional chemical treatments on the environment and fish, the use of herbal products in aquaculture against various diseases has increased. In the present study, anthelmintic effects of peppermint (Mentha piperita), lemon (Citrus limon), and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oils against Dactylogyrus sp. found on the gills of carp were studied using in vitro and in vivo experiments. In in vitro experiments, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 μl/ml concentrations of these essential oils were tested on the parasites and cumulative mortalities were observed to reach 100 % after treatment with peppermint, lemon, and tea tree essential oils of 1 μl/ml concentration in approximately 15, 10 and 2 min, respectively. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that the cumulative mortality of the parasites increased with essential oil concentration and exposure duration. As the concentration of essential oil used increased, the observed mean time to death of parasites decreased. In in vivo experiments, median effective concentrations (EC50) as assessed by in vitro tests for peppermint and lemon essential oils in 5 min exposure and EC50 concentration for tea tree essential oil in 2 min exposure was applied on fish as a single bath and there was a significant decrease in the mean parasite intensities (p<0.05). Antiparasitic efficacies of peppermint, lemon, and tea tree essential oils were determined as 28.23 %, 30.95 %, and 35.31 %, respectively. The tea tree oil was the most effective and peppermint oil was the least effective in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. All three herbal essential oils tested in this study have weak antiparasitic potential against monogenean infections in fish.

The effect of peppermint (Mentha piperita) capsules on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea

Determining the effect of antimicrobials using the disk diffusion (Kirby-Baur) method is a common laboratory exercise in a first year microbiology course. This exercise is usually done with commercially available antibiotic containing disks, mimicking what would be done in a clinical microbiology lab. The goal of this work was to look for ways to make this standard lab more open ended and investigative. Plant essential oils are readily available and are known to have antimicrobial activity. The effect of Peppermint, Tea Tree, and Lavender essential oils on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Enterobacter aerogenes was determined using a disk diffusion assay and compared to effect of ampicillin. Overall, the essential oils did not show a significant effect on bacterial growth and would not be appropriate for an introductory microbiology lab.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the GP dissolving property of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel (Citrus limetta), peppermint oil, cedarwood oil, and an emulsion (equal volumes of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel, peppermint, and cedarwood oils) compared to xylene and chloroform (CHCl3). Methods: Equal weight of GP were divided into 7 groups and immersed for 5 min and 10 min in the test and control groups. Distilled water was used as a negative control. Absolute weight loss (WL) was calculated. Results: Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s pairwise comparison with a significance value of P ≤ 0.05. The median WL of GP in the solvents shows a significant difference at 5 min (P = 0.001) and 10 min (P = 0.000). After 5 min, the order of WL was highest in sweet lime peel extract, CHCl3, and emulsion followed by xylene and peppermint oil. After 10 min, the highest WL was seen in emulsion, CHCl3 followed by sweet lime peel and peppermint oil. Cedarwood oil had no GP solvent effect at both time intervals. Conclusion: Sweet lime peel extract, emulsion, and peppermint oil showed a significant GP dissolving effect at 5 and 10 min and were comparable to CHCl3. Cedarwood oil showed no GP dissolving effect.