Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent stem cells, with self-renewal ability as well as ability to generate all blood cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells, with self-renewal ability, and capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types. MSCs have supporting effects on hematopoiesis; through direct intercellular communications as well as secreting cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Recent investigations demonstrated that some biological functions and effects of MSCs are mediated by their EVs. MSC-EVs are the cell membrane and endosomal membrane compartments, which are important mediators in the intercellular communications. MSC-EVs contain some of the molecules such as proteins, mRNA, siRNA, and miRNA from their parental cells. MSC-EVs are able to inhibit tumor, repair damaged tissue, and modulate immune system responses. MSC-EVs compared to their parental cells, may have the specific safety advantages such as the lower potential to trigger immune system responses and limited side effects. Recently some studies demonstrated the effect of MSC-EVs on the expansion, differentiation, and clinical applications of HSCs such as improvement of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and inhibition of graft versus host disease (GVHD). HSCT may be the only therapeutic choice for patients who suffer from malignant and non-malignant hematological disorders. However, there are several severe side effects such GVHD that restricts the successfulness of HSCT. In this review, we will discuss the most important effects of MSCs and MSC-EVs on the improvement of HSCT, inhibition and treatment of GVHD, as well as, on the expansion of HSCs.
Highlights
Bone marrow (BM) microenvironment or BM niche plays a significant role in the control of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) fate through mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and other stromal cells.[1]
Many studies have been conducted on the co-culture and cotransplantation of Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to improve HSCs expansion and the clinical potential of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), prevention and treatment of graft versus host disease (GVHD), which emerging results showed different effects
There are some drawbacks about MSCs clinical applications such as increased incidence of pneumonia-related death in HSCT patients, the increased tumor progression, the uncontrolled differentiation of MSCs that led to ectopic tissue formation, pulmonary embolism due to intravenous infusion, and the undesired long-term side effects, Which challenged their clinical applications.[29,150,151]
Summary
Bone marrow (BM) microenvironment or BM niche plays a significant role in the control of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) fate through mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and other stromal cells.[1].
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