Abstract
Codeine-containing cough syrup (CCS) is one of the most abused drugs in the world especially among the youths. However, there is need to study the nephrotoxic effect associated with oral administration of the drug and to ascertain its effect on the kidney. Consequently, understanding the renal abnormalities in chronic use of CCS will be crucial for effective development of interventions. This study assessed the nephrotoxic effect associated with oral administration of codeine-containing cough syrup (Tutolin with Codeine) in albino rats, using the level of creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium and chloride ions as biomarker in the serum of albino rats. The rats were administered orally with Tutolin and Codeine at a dose of 80mg/kg, 160mg/kg, 240 mg/kg and 320mg/kg body weight. After three weeks of oral administration of the syrup to all the groups, there was no difference (P> 0.05) in the levels of sodium ion, chloride ion and creatinine among all the study groups and levels of urea and potassium ion in the group administered with 80 mg/kg, 160 mg/kg and 240 mg/kg body weight of tutolin with codeine compared with the control. After three weeks of oral administration of 80 mg/kg, 160 mg/kg, 240 mg/kg and 320 mg/kg body weight tutolin with codeine cough syrup, urea and potassium ion concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in group given 320mg/kg body weight of tutolin with codeine cough syrup compared with the control. This suggests that at higher doses, tutolin with codeine containing cough syrup may have effect on the kidney.
Highlights
In a number of mammals, the kidneys located behind the abdomen on the sides of the vertebral column are important excretory organs
There was a major increase (P
From the result of this study, high doses of tutolin with codeine cough syrup did not cause a reasonable increase in serum creatinine, the increase obtained in serum urea level may or may not be associated with nephrotoxicity
Summary
In a number of mammals, the kidneys located behind the abdomen on the sides of the vertebral column are important excretory organs. Drugs associated with tubular cell toxicity and acute interstitial nephropathy include aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, cisplatin, beta lactams, quinolones, rifampin, sulfonamides, vancomycin, acyclovir, and contrast agents [11]. These agents induce renal tubular cell injury by impairing mitochondrial function and interfering with tubular transport and increasing oxidative stress and free radicals [11]. The growing interest in the use of Over the counter (OTC) opioid like codeine-containing cough syrup for both recreational and therapeutic conditions demand information on the toxicity risk assessment of the cough syrup (Codeine-containing cough syrup) preparation used in the management of cough related diseases It is in the light of this that the study was carried out to provide facts on the safety or harmfulness of codeine-containing cough syrup. There is need for research work that will give a guide on the doses that may alter kidney functions
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