Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) as one of the main factors driving climate change is known to increase grapevine growth and yield and could, therefore, have an impact on the fruit quality of vines. This study reports the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on berry development and bunch structure of two grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon) within the VineyardFACE (Free-Air Carbon Dioxide enrichment) experiment, using must analysis and non-invasive fluorescence sensor technology. Berry development was examined on five dates over three consecutive years by analyzing total soluble solids (TSS), pH, total acidity, organic acids, nutrition status, and non-invasive Multiplex measurements. Before harvest, secondary bunches were collected to examine bunch and berry parameters. Results showed that eCO2 had little impact on berry composition of Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon during berry development, which could be related to bunch structure or single berry weight within single seasons. Elevated CO2 (eCO2) did not result in modified TSS accumulation during ripening but was directly related to the chlorophyll index SFR_R. Higher single berry weights (SBW), higher malic acid (MA), and lower tartaric acid (TAA) were examined at some stages during development of berries under eCO2 levels. Our study provides evidence that eCO2 did alter some bunch and berry parameters without a negative impact on fruit quality.
Highlights
As the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentration is predicted to increase 1.5–3 ppm per year, an increase of 20% by the mid-21st century is expected [1]
Single berry weights of Cabernet Sauvignon increased for all dates during ripening in 2015 (Figure 1e) and 2016 (Figure 1f)
The present study provides evidence that Elevated CO2 (eCO2) did alter some bunch and berry parameters without causing any negative effects on fruit quality during berry development and structure of bunches
Summary
As the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentration is predicted to increase 1.5–3 ppm per year, an increase of 20% by the mid-21st century is expected [1]. Its role as one of the most relevant greenhouse gases and the close link toward an increase in global mean surface temperature lead to predictions of higher evapotranspiration and increasing risk of drought events. CO2 enrichment increases photosynthesis and, growth and yield of perennial plants. Within grapevines, this was already shown by various authors using different CO2 enrichment techniques such as open top chambers [2,3,4,5], Mini-FACE (Free-Air Carbon Dioxide enrichment) [6,7,8], or the recently reported.
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