The Effect of Different Sources of Chemical, Organic, Biological and Integrated Fertilizers on Chlorophyll, Nutrient Content and Grain Yield of Linseed (Linum ustatissimum L.)

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different sources of fibre in the diets of fattening pigs on performance, feeding behaviour and intestinal physiology. A total of 60 barrows and gilts (initial body weight 28.4 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to four dietary treatments: control (CON), lignocellulose (LC), mycelium (MYC) and corn gluten feed (CGF). Diets were calculated to provide balanced available nutrient contents. Including MYC in the diet resulted in an increased average daily gain (P < 0.05) compared to CON and CGF, and improved gain to feed ratio (P < 0.05) compared to LC. Pigs in CON (P < 0.05) ate the fewest but largest meals, whereas treatment CGF (P < 0.05) showed the opposite effect, resulting in the same daily feeder occupation time. Regarding intestinal physiology, in ileum, no differences were observed between the contents of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), lactic acid and biogenic amines. In the colon, MYC showed an increased concentration of acetic acid (P < 0.05) as well as the total content of SCFA (P < 0.05), compared to LC and CGF. Distinct fermentation profiles of ammonia were recorded in ileal and colonic digesta, although contents remained below harmful concentrations. Morphometrical measurements showed differences between the fibre sources LC and MYC, as well as LC and the CON in all investigated gut sections. These results provide evidence that the inclusion of specific dietary fibre sources/contents can positively influence the gut morphology and performance of pigs. However, further studies are needed regarding the mode of action and physico-chemical characteristics of the different fibre sources as a precondition for their successful application in pig diets.

A study was conducted to examine the effect of different sources of phosphorus on soil properties, growth, yield, quality and nutrient content in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) in the soil at Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Dapoli during Summer season of 2022 in Randomized Blok Design comprising eight treatments replicated thrice. It was found from the study that the growth parameters, yield contributing characters, seed and Stover yield, quality parameter viz., protein content, nutrient content and uptake had recorded the highest favourable parameters and there was a significant increase in soil organic carbon, available macronutrients (N, P and K), micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) contents and optimum net return with good B:C ratio, with the application of 80% N and 100% P2O5 through DAP (with 20% N through Urea), followed by the application of N (100%) through Urea and P2O5 (100%) through SSP. Thus, the effectiveness of P fertilizers with regard to seed yield follow the order: DAP > SSP > RP.

A field experiment was conducted on fine texture soils to find out the effect of different sources of nutrients on secondary (Ca and Mg) and micro nutrient (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) content in rice at various growth periods. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design in kharif season with four treatments and replicated five times. The treatments consisted of M1 (RDF - Control), M2 (10 t FYM ha-1 + RDF), M3 (1.5 t vermicompost ha-1 + RDF), M4 (Green manuring + RDF). The nutrient content in rice at various growth periods was significantly increased with the application of 100 % NPK in combination with FYM @ 10 t ha-1. However, it was on par with that of green manuring together with 100 % NPK during both the years of the study.

Potassium plays an important role in improving crop growth, yield, and quality; however, choosing the right potassium fertiliser remains challenging. To determine the optimal potassium fertiliser for kiwifruit, this study investigated the effects of different potassium sources on kiwifruit yield and postharvest quality as well as plant and soil nutrient contents in an orchard in Shaanxi Province, Northwest China. Two types of potassium fertiliser were examined (K2SO4 and KCl; total K2O = 584 kg ha−1) at two different application stages (basal and topdressing) under the following four treatments: basal K2SO4 + KCl topdressing, basal K2SO4 + K2SO4 topdressing, basal KCl + K2SO4 topdressing, and basal KCl + KCl topdressing. The different potassium sources had no significant effect on kiwifruit yield; however, a slight increase in yield and economic gain was observed under combined treatment with K2SO4 and KCl compared to single fertiliser treatment. Meanwhile, the single fruit weight and vitamin C content of the fruit were 7.0 and 4.6% higher under treatment with basal K2SO4 + KCl topdressing compared with K2SO4 treatment alone, and 3.1 and 14.9% higher compared with KCl treatment alone. Moreover, application of KCl promoted potassium and chlorine absorption by both the leaves and fruit. However, no significant differences in the content of sulphate or chloride ions in the surface soil (0–40 cm) were observed between potassium sources. In contrast, in deeper soil, the content of chloride ions was highest after KCl treatment, while that of sulphate ions was highest after K2SO4 topdressing. Overall, these findings suggest that the most appropriate potassium source for kiwifruit production is basal application of K2SO4 followed by KCl as topdressing in the study region.

Background and objective Mentha pulegium L. is commonly known as pennyroyal and it is highly aromatic than any other mint. The essential oil could be considered as a possible candidate for human cancer chemotherapy. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different sources of zinc (algae extract, zinc sulfate, zinc multi, and zinc chelated) on herb yield, nutrient contents and their uptake, carbonic anhydrase, and essential oil production of M. pulegium plant. Materials and methods A field experiment was carried out under drip irrigated sandy soil at the Experimental Station of National Research Centre in Nubaria district, El-Behira Governorate, Egypt. Macronutrients and micronutrients contents of herb, nutrient uptake, carbonic anhydrase activity, and essential oil content were determined. Essential oil constituents were analyzed by chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results The results showed that algae extract followed by zinc multi significantly increased herb fresh and dry weight yield, nutrients content and their uptake, as well as showed the stimulatory impact on carboxylation enzyme activities. The highest essential oil yield (0.93 ml/plant and 20.67 l/ha) was recorded with algae extract, followed by zinc multi (0.80 ml/plant and 17.78 l/ha) than zinc chelate (0.50 ml/plant and 11.11 l/ha). Chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of the essential oil showed that the essential oil composition was characterized by a high percentage of oxygenated compounds (96.83–97.33%) while the nonoxygenated compounds ranged from 2.48 to 2.89%. The major constituents of oxygenated compounds were found to be pulegone (67.75–74.43%) followed by neomenthone (10.66–17.12%). Algae extract and zinc multi produced the highest relative concentration of neomenthone (17.12 and 16.72%) and the lowest concentration of pulegone (67.75 and 67.97%). In contrast, foliar application of zinc chelated and zinc sulfate increased the biosynthesis of pulegone (74.43 and 73.98%) and decreased the percent of neomenthone (11.39 and 10.66%). Conclusion It might be concluded that the foliar application of zinc as algae extract followed by zinc multi chelated gave remarkable higher increases in herb yield, nutrients content and their uptake, carbonic anhydrase and essential oil production of M. pulegium plant.

A pot experiment was conducted in the experimental research farm of Department of Soil Science, SAS, Nagaland University, and Medziphema campus, Nagaland in the period of June to September 2022 to make a study on “Effect of different sources of nutrients on growth, yield and quality of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). The experiment was laid out in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 12 treatments and 3 replications. The study revealed that the incorporation of different sources of nutrients significantly influenced that the plant growth, yield attributes and quality parameters i.e., NPK and protein content, Nutrient uptake, and availability of nutrients in soil after harvest of green gram. The crop growth attributes such as plant height, number of leaves plant-1 and number of branches plant-1 were significantly influenced by its application. The highest seed yield of 11.67 g pot-1and stover yield of 37.88 g pot-1 recorded with the treatment of 100% RDF+PSB+FYM was significantly superior over all treatments. The quality of green gram was improved by 100% RDF+PSB+FYM in the presence of different sources of nutrients. The highest nutrient content and highest nutrient uptake by green gram was also recorded highest with the treatment 100% RDF+PSB+FYM. The available nutrients (NPK), cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, soil respiration, microbial biomass carbon in soil was also found to be more due to the treatment of 100% RDF+PSB+FYM.

Field experiments were conducted in the organic block of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat (Assam) during 2012-13 under rainfed condition to evaluate the effects of different timings of fresh cow dung application on the productivity of scented rice and its residual effect on succeeding linseed crop. The results revealed that all the timings of fresh cow dung application significantly increased grain and straw yields of scented rice over the control. Among different timings, application of fresh cow dung as 5 t/ha at planting + 2.5 t/ha each at 30 and 45 days after planting (DAP) recorded the highest grain and straw yields but did not differ significantly with the application as 3.4 t/ha + 3.3 t/ha + 3.3 t/ha at 15, 30 and 45 DAP in case of grain yield and with 2.5t/ha each at 7, 15, 30 and 45 DAP in case of straw yield. The residual effect of fresh cow dung on succeeding linseed crop was similar with that of scented rice, however, fresh cow dung applied in four splits as 2.5 t/ha each at 7, 15, 30 and 45 DAP in scented rice produced the highest seed and stover yields of linseed. The trend of available nutrient contents in soil after harvest of both the crops was almost similar with that of the yield of rice and linseed.

Indian farmers face challenges in wheat production due to poor soil nutrients and imbalanced fertilizer use, making zinc-supplemented fertilizers vital for boosting productivity. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a vital global food crop, rich in carbohydrates, protein, and essential nutrients, with India being a major producer, although many regions face significant zinc deficiency in their soils. A field study was conducted during Rabi 2021-2022 at Wheat Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. The experimental soil collected from the wheat research unit field was slightly alkaline in reaction, medium in organic carbon, moderately calcareous, low in available N, medium in available P, remarkably high in available K, marginal in available S, and sufficient in micronutrients but deficient in Zn. The nine treatments T1 to T9 are applied in the plots in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The higher nutrient content and N, P, K, S, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn uptake was recorded with the soil application of RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1. It is concluded that the soil application of ZnSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1 along with a recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) at the time of sowing recorded the highest nutrient content, nutrient uptake and improvement in soil fertility.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes fontes de Ca2+ no solo sobre o teor deste nutriente no solo, nas folhas e nos frutos, e sobre atributos físico-químicos e conservação pós-colheita da uva 'Vênus' (Vitis labrusca x V. vinifera). O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Utilizaram-se os seguintes tratamentos: T1 - testemunha (sem aplicação de Ca2+ no solo); T2 - cloreto de cálcio; T3 - gesso agrícola; T4 - Nitrabor®; T5 - cal hidratada, e T6 - borra de celulose. Para todas as fontes, aplicou-se o equivalente a 80 kg de Ca2+ ha-1, parcelados em três aplicações, a cada 21 dias, a partir do início da brotação da videira. Avaliou-se o teor de macronutrientes no solo, nas folhas e frutos. Na maturação, foram coletados quatro cachos por parcela, sendo dois cachos avaliados por ocasião da colheita e dois cachos mantidos sob temperatura ambiente e atmosfera modificada, sendo avaliados após cinco dias. Em geral, as fontes de Ca2+ proporcionaram maior teor de Ca2+ no solo, nas folhas e nos frutos. O Nitrabor® e o gesso agrícola aumentaram o peso médio de bagas. As fontes de Ca2+ reduziram a perda de peso, o degrane e a incidência de podridões dos frutos em pós-colheita.

A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different sources and levels of sulphur, combined with micronutrient foliar spray (MN) having Zn 3.0%, Fe 2.5%, Mn 1.0%, Cu 1.0%, B 0.5%, Mo 0.1% on nutrient content and uptake in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.).Eight treatments were applied, including varying doses of elemental sulphur (ES) and gypsum (15, 30, and 45 kg/ha), supplemented with foliar spray of micronutrients.The treatment with 45 kg/ha of elemental sulphur combined with foliar micronutrient spray (T4) significantly enhanced nutrient accumulation across plant parts.In the leaves, nitrogen (4.11 kg/ha), potassium (5.55 kg/ha), iron (712.34 ppm), and boron (66.95 ppm) were highest (p=<0.05),reflecting improved nutrient transport and photosynthetic efficiency.The stems showed significantly elevated sulphur levels (1.19 kg/ha) and iron content (426.99 ppm), enhancing nutrient redistribution.Seeds exhibited the highest zinc accumulation (52.13 ppm), promoting seed quality.Nutrient uptake was maximized in leaves, with the largest quantity of potassium (48.25 kg/ha), Cu, Mn and B (p=<0.05).Additionally, T4 boosted nitrogen (15.80 kg/ha), phosphorus (9.49kg/ha), and zinc (77.29ppm) uptake in seeds, essential for seed development.This treatment proved to be most effective in optimizing nutrient availability and accumulation, thereby promoting overall crop productivity in sulphur-deficient soils.

04/00596 Process and apparatus for recycle of organic wastes by gasification in carbonization furnace to be fuels and carbonaceous materials: Mori, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 55,666 (Cl. C10B53/00), 26 Feb 2003, Appl. 2001/249,931. (In Japanese)

Recycling of organic wastes for the production of vermicompost and its response in rice–legume cropping system and soil fertility

The field experiment was carried out at Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station (OUAT), Mahisapat of Dhenkanal district during kharif season of 2014 and 2015 to study the “Effect of different sources and doses of Sulphur and Boron application on Yield, nutrient content and nutrient uptake of Groundnut under Mid Central Table Land zone of Odisha”. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications comprising of seven treatments T1 - Soil Test Based Fertilizer Recommendation (STBFR), T2 - STBFR + Sulphur @ 20kg /ha from Gypsum Source, T3 – STBFR + Sulphur @ 40kg /ha from Gypsum Source, T4 - STBFR + Sulphur @ 20kg /ha from Gypsum Source + spraying of Borax @ 0.3% twice before and after flowering, T5 - STBFR + Sulphur @ 20kg /ha from Bentonite Sulphur Source, T6 - STBFR + Sulphur @ 40kg /ha from Bentonite Sulphur Source, T7 - STBFR + Sulphur @ 20kg /ha from Bentonite Sulphur Source + Spraying of Borax @ 0.3% twice before and after flowering. It was revealed that T7 recorded significantly higher pod yield (17.14 q ha-1), 100 kernel weight (38.93 g) and shelling percent (66.00) followed by T4 with pod yield (15.80 q ha-1), 100 kernel weight (37.60 g) and shelling percent (65.10). T7 was superior over T1 with the yield advantage of 24.2 % and B: C (2.10). The Concentration of nutrient N, P, K, S and B in the harvested pod was also found highest in T7 i.e. 4.34 %, 0.70% , 0.88 %, 0.39% and 17.77 mgkg-1 followed by T4 having concentration of 4.26% ,0.66 % , 0.83 %, 0.35% and 17.23 mgkg-1 respectively. The same treatment T7 also recorded higher uptake of N, P ,K, S and B in pod with 79.47, 9.20 ,19.83,6.23 kg ha-1 and 31.43 g ha-1 respectively.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of two sulphur forms (sulphate and tiosulphate) in combination with three different N:S ratios on the yield of spring wheat and total N- and S-content and uptake by the aboveground biomass on chernozem and sandy soil. In the greenhouse experiment, the effects of two sulphur forms were compared: sulphate (SO42-) and thiosulphate (S2O32-). The sulphate was applied as potassium-sulphate (K2SO4) and thiosulphate as ammonium-thiosulphate ((NH4)2S2O3). Increasing doses of both sulphur forms (24, 60, 120 kg S ha-1) were used with the same nitrogen dose (120 kg N ha-1) which caused three different N:S ratios background (1:0.2, 1:0.5, 1:1). Nitrogen was supplied in the form of monoammonium-phosphate (MAP), ammonium-nitrate and ammonium-thiosulphate. Plant samples were taken in three different development stages of spring wheat based on the BBCH scale: at the stage of BBCH 30–32 (stem elongation), BBCH 65–69 (flowering) and BBCH 89 (ripening). The total nitrogen and total sulphur content of plant at different development stages and also wheat grain were measured by Elementar Vario EL type CNS analyser. The nutrient uptake by plant and grain was calculated from the yield of spring wheat and the N and S content of plant. The grain yield on chernozem soil ranged between 6.31 and 12.13 g/pot. All fertilised treatments significantly increased the grain yield compared to the control. The highest yield was obtained in the case of the application of 120 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg S ha-1in sulphate form. The grain yield on sandy soil varied from 2.53 to 6.62 g/pot. The fertilised treatments significantly enhanced the yield compared to the control. The highest yield was observed in the case of the application of 120 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg S ha-1 in thiosulphate form. On chernozem soil the increasing doses of sulphur (24, 60, 120 kg S ha-1) with the same N dose (120 kg N ha-1) increased the N-content of spring wheat at all development stages and in the grain. The treatments with different sulphur sources did not cause further changes in the N-content. On sandy soil in the most cases the N-content did not change significantly as a result of increasing sulphur doses. The treatments with sulphate form basically resulted higher nitrogen-content than treatments with thiosulphate form. The treatments with increasing sulphur doses resulted higher S-content on both of chernozem and sandy soil in the case of all development stage. Comparing the effect of the applied sulphur sources on the S-content it can be stated that at the stage of BBCH 30–31 and 65–69 the treatments with sulphate form resulted higher sulphur-content. At the stage of BBCH 89 there was no significant differences in S-content of grain as a result of different sulphur-sources.

Impact of sources and doses of potassium on biochemical and greenleaf parameters of tea