Abstract
Curcumin has been placed at the forefront of the researcher’s attention due to its pleiotropic pharmacological effects and health benefits. A considerable volume of articles has pointed out curcumin’s effects on the fate of stem cell differentiation. In this review, a descriptive mechanism of how curcumin affects the outcome of the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the mesodermal lineage—i.e., adipocyte, osteocyte, and chondrocyte differentiation—is compiled from the literature. The sections include the mechanism of inhibition or induction of MSCs differentiation to each lineage, their governing molecular mechanisms, and their signal transduction pathways. The effect of different curcumin doses and its structural modifications on the MSCs differentiation is also discussed.
Highlights
Curcumin, known as diferuloylmethane or [1E,6E]-1,7-bis[4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl]1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione, is a natural hydrophobic polyphenol derived from the rhizomes of the Curcuma longa plant
The fourth suggested mechanism is the direct interaction of curcumin with the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) receptor, which plays a crucial part in the adipogenic differentiation of cells
Curcumin acts via inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk), which is a cell cycle regulator and proliferation-related transcription factor that is necessary for G1/S development and inhibits the Mitotic clonal expansion (MCE)
Summary
Known as diferuloylmethane or [1E,6E]-1,7-bis[4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl]1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione, is a natural hydrophobic polyphenol derived from the rhizomes of the Curcuma longa plant. Despite its popularity as a pharmacological agent, its utility is limited due to its poor bioavailablity, absorption, and short half-life. Curcumin has been shown to have beneficial effects on diseases such as obesity, osteoporosis, osteolysis, and osteosarcoma, in which stem cell differentiation plays an active role [13]. An excessive differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to adipocyte lineage results in an increased number of adipocytes (hyperplasia), and adipose tissue accumulation in obesity. The beneficial effects of curcumin in obesity and osteoporosis suggest a plausible role of curcumin in the differentiation of MSCs into the mesodermal lineage, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. RNA subunits, BMP-2: Bone morphogenetic protein 2, BiP: Immunoglobulin-binding protein, EDEM: endoplasmic reticulum (ER) degradation-enhancing-α-mannidose-like protein, OCN: Osteocalcin, OPN: Osteopontin, COL1A1: Collagen 1, FABP-2: Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein-2, IL-1β: Interleukin-1β
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