The Effect of Beta and Alpha Neurofeedback on Memory: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Clinical Trial

Abstract

Background: Neurofeedback training is a promising area of research in cognitive performance. Although diverse patterns of frequency in improving memory performance have been studied, beta up-training and low alpha/high alpha ratio suppression have not yet been studied. Objective: The present study aimed at examining the effect of 2 neurofeedback protocols “beta up-training” and “low alpha/ high alpha ratio suppression” on memory performance. Methods: Thirty healthy participants, aged 20 to 40 years took part in this double-blind study. Participants performed ten 30-minute sessions of neurofeedback training. They were randomly assigned into 3 groups: (A) beta up-training and theta down-training, (B) low alpha/high alpha ratio suppression training, and (C) sham training. The Wechsler memory scale (WMS-R) was performed before and after the training period to examine memory performance. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA to compare memory performance changes among the 3 study groups. Results: No significant differences were obtained among the participants in age, gender, marital status, and psychological condition. Treatment groups (including beta up-training and theta down-training and low alpha/high alpha ratio suppression training) showed superior improvement in memory performance compared with the sham group. Conclusions: Neurofeedback training can improve memory performance. Future studies should address the specificity of the neurofeedback training effects, taking into account various populations of patients with cognitive impairment.