Abstract
A series of polyaniline (PANI) salts were synthesized with the presence of a small amount of water varying from 0 to 1 mL at the beginning of solid-state polymerization. The structure and morphology of the samples were characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical performances of the products were investigated by galvanostatic charge-discharge, cyclic voltammetry, cycling stability and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the amounts of water can affect the oxidation degree, conjugate level and crystallinity of PANI salts. All PANI salts showed spherical morphology with the diameter of about 60 nm as shown by TEM. The electrochemical tests showed the highest specific capacitance value 593.3 F.g−1 in 1 M H2SO4 for PANI prepared with the addition of 0.5 mL of water at the beginning of solid-state polymerization.
Highlights
Conducting polyaniline (PANI), composed of benzenoid and quinonoid units with the delocalized conjugated structures, has several redox states, which has become the research focus in the field of conducting polymers [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
The influence of the small amount of water on the structure and electrochemical properties of PANI was deeply discussed based on the results from fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), galvanostatic charge-discharge, cyclic voltammetry, cycling stability and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
A series of PANI doped with p-toluenesulphonic acid (p-TSA) were synthesized by solid-state polymerization
Summary
Conducting polyaniline (PANI), composed of benzenoid and quinonoid units with the delocalized conjugated structures, has several redox states, which has become the research focus in the field of conducting polymers [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. In the solid-state synthesis method, the reaction occurs on the surface of a solid-sate reactant and the inter-diffusion rate of the reactants is much slower than that of a traditional solution method [18] This means that by carefully controlling the experimental conditions to adjust the nucleation and growth of the polymer, the solid-state polymerization method could be used to fabricate the nanostructured polymer [19,20,21,22,23]. Our group has successfully synthesized PANI and its derivatives doped with different acids with the solid-state polymerization method, in which the small amount of water is added at the beginning of the reactions of aniline and doping acid to form the anilinium salt, and the residual moisture in the reaction system can be gradually evaporated after the adding of the oxidant and the reaction process [19,24,25]. The influence of the small amount of water on the structure and electrochemical properties of PANI was deeply discussed based on the results from fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM),, galvanostatic charge-discharge, cyclic voltammetry, cycling stability and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
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