The economic contribution of aquaculture to the U.S. Western Region

Variation in the macrofaunal community over large temporal and spatial scales in the southern Yellow Sea

Abstract. Economic contribution studies are full of challenging theoretical and methodological issues. The economic export base method for conducting contribution analysis presented addresses the challenge of double counting while increasing an analyst's insight into a regional economy. Using data from regional social accounts, an economic export base model is presented that simultaneously separates export base contributions for each sector as a row of column vector sums. The export base measures of economic activity by sector serve as an internally consistent and externally correspondent measure of any given sector's ex post regional economic contribution. The sum total of the export base and original gross measures of economic activity across sectors are equal for the economy but are almost always unequal by sector. These base measures are also valuable by themselves and as inputs into further analyses into questions regarding competitive advantage, diversity, resilience, dependency, typology, and growth.(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)1. IntroductionWhen considering issues of economic development, people often wonder about the current status of the local economy and the extent to which different sectors or events drive the economic activity in the region (Green, 2001; Vollet, Callois, and Roussel, 2005). Likewise, for monitoring and planning purposes, it is common to conduct an economic contribution or impact study of a specific sector of the regional economy to establish a baseline from which to compare future conditions (Miller and Sabbarese, 2012; Connaughton and Madsen, 2012). There are countless studies conducted each year on the economic impact or contribution of an array of industries or sectors. Criticism of these studies focuses on the perverse incentive for publicity and advocacy purposes to double count the contribution of a given sector by making its direct, indirect, or induced effects appear responsible for a larger share of the economy than the observed data can support (Crompton, 1993; Hudson, 2001; Crompton, 2006).For the purposes of this analysis, the primary focus will be on economic contribution analysis rather than economic impact analysis. Economic contribution analysis is generally regarded as referring to the ex post effects on economic activity in a region from the exogenous sales of a given sector in a previous time period. Conversely, economic impact analysis represents a projection of an ex ante change in economic activity within a region's economy due to a change in the exogenous sales of a given sector. More discussion of impacts and benefits is presented in Watson et al. (2007), and we consider the discussion of economic contribution presented here to be a clarification and expansion of that previous elaboration of economic contributions. For the purposes of standard ex post economic contribution analysis, we feel that the methodology presented here is conceptually the most appropriate approach. Furthermore, we acknowledge that exports are not the only driver of a regional economy. Along with increasing regional exports, import substitution, capital investment, and innovation are all drivers of a regional economy. However, for small regions (i.e., single counties) exports and the associated new dollars brought into the region are often thought to be the major contributor to the region's economic engine. At larger scales, however, the primacy of exports certainly breaks down. For further discussion of these issues see Kilkenny and Partridge (2009), Cooke and Watson (2011), and Tiebout (1956).A solution to the ubiquitous double-counting problem in economic contribution analysis is to conduct a comprehensive economic contribution study for all sectors of a region's economy simultaneously by using social accounting data within an economic base framework. This approach prevents the sum of the parts from being greater than the whole-no double counting allowed. …

The forest products industries play a vital role in the economic, social, and environmental well-being of the Lake States in the United States. While various economic contribution analyses of forest products industries have been conducted to highlight the importance of such industries to regional economies, little effort has yet been made to parse out the contribution of activities in the value chain. The value chain is a series of steps involved in producing goods or services. This study used a matrix decomposition approach to estimate the economic contribution along the value chain through multiple pathways of four forest resource-based industries using wood as inputs: biomass power generation, sawmills, paper mills, and the construction of new single-family residential structures in the Lake States. The direct and indirect economic output values in 2017 resulting from the construction of new single-family residential structures were $19.1 billion, sawmills were $2.5 billion, paper mills were $17.6 billion, and the biomass power generation industry was $759 million. Of the direct and indirect economic output contributed by each industry, the highest percentage of output attributable to the logging industry was observed from the sawmills industry (12%), followed by biomass power generation (9%), paper mills (1.4%), and the construction of new single-family residential structures (<1%), respectively. The percentage of total economic output attributable to the stumpage industry in the region followed a similar trend as commercial logging for all value-chain industries. The relative economic contribution of the value-chain industries to the total economic contribution of the final industry varied based on whether the industry was a primary or secondary forest products industry and the pathways used for sourcing wood inputs.

With a focus on seafood industries, this study provides a framework for economic contribution assessments, outlines Virginia’s seafood supply chain components, and evaluates the direct, indirect, and induced economic impacts of Virginia’s seafood industry in 2019. Utilizing an analysis-by-parts method in IMPLAN, primary expenditure data from watermen, aquaculture farmers, processors, and distributors were collected through surveys. The efficacy of obtaining primary data through stakeholder surveys heavily relies on the investigator’s interpersonal skills to establish trust and elucidate the study’s benefits, particularly its potential to inform policy decisions. In 2019, the Virginia seafood industry’s estimated total economic contributions amounted to USD 1.1 billion, supporting 7187 individuals. This impact encompasses 6050 direct jobs, 523 indirect jobs, and 614 induced jobs, primarily benefiting watermen and coastal communities. Furthermore, the industry’s influence extends beyond its immediate economic sphere, supporting diverse sectors such as polystyrene foam manufacturing, boat building, sporting and athletic goods, and commercial and industrial machinery. Wages and salaries disbursed throughout the seafood supply chain ripple to Virginia’s economy, benefiting nondepository credit intermediation, owner-occupied dwellings, and real estate sectors. Future research focusing on seafood sales in restaurants and retail outlets will complete the understanding of the seafood industry’s broader economic impact on the state.

Objectives : As climate change deepened, the concept of 2050 carbon neutrality was introduced. The COP 26 Glasgow Agreement strengthened the national greenhouse gases (GHGs) target of 2030. However, there are controversies over the feasibility of these GHGs reduction goals, considering the economic sectors energy policy and the attributes of GHGs emissions. Taking this into consideration, this study aimed to formulate the 2017 Environmentally Expanded Input-output Table to analyze the characteristics of GHGs emissions in Korea's economic sectors.Methods : The carbon dioxide emission was calculated by multiplying carbon dioxide emission factors to fuel consumption in the 2017 energy balance table, while other GHGs emissions are taken from the national GHGs inventory. All the GHGs emissions calculated and taken were allocated to 381 basic sectors of the Input-Output Table to represent each sector's characteristics of GHGs emissions. Then 381 sectors are combined into a large category of 35 sectors to formulate the 2017 Republic of Korea Environmentally Extended Input-Output Table (ROKEEIOT). Using this ROKEEIOT, the emission of Scope 1. 2, and 3 by economic sectors were estimated, and the GHGs emissions and GHGs intensity by economic sectors.Results and Discussion : The carbon dioxide emissions calculated by the 2017 ROKEEIOT prepared in this study showed a difference of 2% from the 2017 national GHGs emission statistics, confirming that the 2017 ROKEEIOT is very effective. The three economic sectors with the highest direct GHGs emissions were electricity, steam, chilled or hot water, air conditioning supply (262,280 kt CO2eq.), primary metal products (117.098 kt CO2eq.), and transportation equipment (58,332 kt CO2eq.). However, the total GHGs emissions were different in the order of construction (151,476 kt CO2eq.), transportation equipment (112,168 kt CO2eq.), computer, and electronic and optical instruments (107,868 kt CO2eq.). As a result of classifying the scope of GHGs emissions, 6 industries exceeded 50% in Scope 1, and 29 sectors exceeded 50% in Scope 3, indicating that GHGs reduction measures were necessary for the supply chain in consideration of the GHGs emissions characteristics by economic sectors. In particular, 41.68% of GHGs emissions induced by final demand were generated by exports confirming, confirming the urgent need to strengthen the carbon competitiveness of export industry in preparation for the introduction of the carbon border adjustment mechanism.Conclusion : The economic contribution, direct GHGs emissions of industries, and the amount of GHGs emissions induced by supply chains and value chains show very different patterns by economic sectors. Therefore, it was confirmed that scientific policies to reduce GHGs emissions, such as net-zero and climate change measures, should reflect the characteristics of Scope 1, which is direct emission by industry, Scope 2 emissions caused by electricity and steam consumption and scope 3 emissions generated along the supply chain or value chain.

Indonesia is considered to have a high diversity of sharks and rays due in part to its position in the equatorial line, between two continents and two oceans. According to recent studies and various publications, the number of chondrichthyan species known to date is 207 species of 44 families, comprised of 109 species of sharks, 96 species of batoids, and two species of ghost sharks (chimaera). The Dasyatidae (stingrays) is the most speciose family of chondrichthyans occurring in Indonesia, followed by the Carcharhinidae (whaler sharks). Most species of elasmobranchs commonly occur on the continental or insular shelves and rays are more commonly found than sharks. This type of habitat can be found mostly in the western part of Indonesia (the Java Sea, Karimata Strait, South China Sea, Malacca Strait, and Macassar Strait). Due to the separation by the Wallace Line, there are some differences in species diversity between western and eastern region. The shark and ray fauna of the eastern region is more similar to the Australian fauna, while the fauna in the western region is more similar to the Asian fauna. There are also some endemic species known to occur in Indonesian waters. The endemicity of some species can be restricted in a certain area or in a regional area such as the Indo-West Pacific.

Using Origin2022Pro, PAST4.09, GraphPad, and ArcGIS, this study analyzed the big data of the fourth national survey of traditional Chinese medicine resources in Jilin province from five dimensions: differences in resource quantity, taxonomic group, family, and genus, regional distribution, and spatiotemporal distribution, aiming to fully elucidate the biodiversity of medicinal plants in Jilin province. The results indicated that 2 241 species of medicinal plants existed in Jilin province, belonging to 881 genera of 243 families, with 20 dominant families and 3 dominant genera. There were 1 901 species of medicinal plants(belonging to 778 genera of 227 families) in the eastern mountainous region, 1 503 species(belonging to 690 genera of 225 families) in the mid-mountainous areas of the central mountainous region, and 811 species(belonging to 436 genera of 136 families) in the western plain region. The biodiversity of medicinal plants in Jilin province was high and presented a trend of high in the east and low in the west. The medicinal plant resources were mainly concentrated in the eastern mountainous region, and the number of medicinal plant groups had significant diffe-rences between regions, following the trend of western region > central region > eastern region. The species richness was in the order of eastern region > western region > central region. The species diversity structure in the central region was similar to that in the eastern and western regions, while it was significantly different between the western and eastern regions. Compared with the third national survey of traditional Chinese medicine resources, the fourth survey showed an increase of 1 417 species, a decrease of 580 species, and 824 common species, indicating significant changes in the biodiversity of medicinal plants in Jilin province. The reasons for these changes need to be further explored. This article elucidates the background and biodiversity changes of medicinal plant resources in Jilin province, laying a foundation for the protection, utilization, and industrial development of traditional Chinese medicine resources in Jilin province.

The general objective of this work is to analyze the quality factors of the supply chain service in the western regional direction of the company Cervezas Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma - Heineken México. The analysis was framed in a model proposed by Gohain, Thambiah and Hong (2018) which measures six dimensions of service quality: the object, the process, the infrastructure, the interaction, the environment and social responsibility. A survey was applied as an instrument to collect the responses of active providers in the western region of Mexico. The results were estimated by using STATA 14 to evaluate the relationship between the proposed factors. The results highlight that the quality of the supply chain is influenced by the quality criteria of the product, the process and the interaction. In this way, this research contributes with relevant information that allows them to make quick and practical decisions to use those responsible for the company's supply chain, as well as other economic sectors.

The western region of China has introduced e-commerce products into the western region for development. At present, e-commerce products have become the "standard" in the western region. However, due to the low added value of e-commerce products, weak production bases, imperfect supply chain systems, lack of financial service resources, and low risk tolerance, the western regions need to increase product added value, improve the e-commerce ecosystem, adapt to the development trend of e-commerce, improve the skills of practitioners, and establish e-commerce demonstration groups to promote the development of the e-commerce industry in the western regions and help the western regions. To this end, combined with the current hot topic transfer learning, this article compares the changes in the profits of sales companies and production enterprises in the traditional method and the ecosystem constructed by this method. In the ecosystem constructed by the traditional method, the highest profit of sales companies appeared in the fourth quarter, with a growth rate of 11.56%; in the ecosystem constructed by this method, the profit growth of sales companies in the fourth quarter was 19.03%, which was 7.47% higher than that of traditional companies. Among the ecosystems constructed by traditional methods, the most profitable production enterprises also appeared in the fourth quarter, with a growth rate of 18.58%. As a result, this method can improve the current shortcomings of the e-commerce ecosystem in the western region, thereby promoting the better development of the e-commerce ecosystem in the western region.

Virginia’s coastal location and abundant marine resources make its seafood industry a vital contributor to the state’s economy, supporting both local communities and tourism. This study applied input–output models and updates the economic contributions of the Virginia seafood industry using 2023 data, building on models developed for 2019 that capture both direct effects and broader economic ripple effects. In 2023, the industry generated USD 1.27 billion in total economic output and supported over 6500 jobs—including watermen, aquaculture farmers, processors, and distributors—resulting in USD 238.3 million in labor income. Contributions to state GDP totaled USD 976.7 million, and tax revenues exceeded USD 390.4 million. The study also evaluates the economic role of Virginia seafood products sold in retail stores and restaurants, based on secondary data sources. In 2023, these sectors generated USD 458 million in economic output, supported more than 3600 jobs, produced USD 136.7 million in labor income, and USD 280.8 million in value-added. Combined tax contributions surpassed USD 74 million. Importantly, the analysis results for the Virginia seafood products from retail and restaurant should not be summed to the seafood industry totals to avoid double-counting, as seafood products move as output from one sector as an input to another. These results provide evidence-based insights to guide decision-making, inform stakeholders, and support continued investment in Virginia’s seafood supply chain and related economic activities.

The economic contribution of U.S. seafood imports throughout the value chain: A sectorial and species-specific analysis

Taxes are the main source of state income. The research aims to examine the influence of the contribution of the service and the industrial sector on tax revenues. The difference in research is that it uses per capita income as a moderating variable. This research uses data from countries, such as Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, which have several similarities in terms of prosperity, education, and a strong and stable economy. The data used comes from the World Bank and spans 2002-2019. The research results show that the contribution of the service sector, industry, and per capita income positively influences tax revenues. Supported by high tax rates, increasing donations to the service, and industrial sectors means that tax revenues are growing. Interestingly, using per capita income as a moderating variable negatively affects the service and industrial sectors’ tax revenues. With the moderating influence of per capita income, tax avoidance can grow in the service and industrial sectors. One of the tax avoidance measures is using a transfer pricing scheme. This was triggered by high tax rates and the Human Development Index (HDI). The higher the tax rate, the more loopholes the taxpayer will look for to avoid taxes, to lower the tax burden. A high HDI will enable a high level of tax knowledge. Apart from increasing tax compliance, a high level of tax knowledge will also allow tax avoidance. Keywords: economic sector contribution, tax revenue, per capita income

Marine fish stocks in Ghana are in serious decline, while local demand for fish has outstripped supply due to a combination of factors led by over-fishing. To sustain per capita consumption of fish, the Government of Ghana has positioned aquaculture as one of its top priorities. Aquaculture is projected to meet the deficit in the country’s fish requirements. However, there is paucity of information on the profitability of smallholder aquaculture farming practices to guide planning and investments in the sector. This study was carried out on 40 farms across all four coastal regions of Ghana namely Western, Central, Greater Accra, and Volta Regions to help address critical bottlenecks facing smallholder fish farming practices. Three profitability metrics, i.e., benefit-cost ratio (BCR), payback period (PBP), and return on investment (ROI) were used to assess profitability. Regression analysis between investments and revenue outputs revealed cost factors that were significant and positively influencing revenue generation from aquaculture farms. Average BCR for smallholder aquaculture farms for a 5-year period was estimated at 1.14. When disaggregated, tilapia profitability was higher (BCR = 1.16) compared to catfish (BCR = 1.11) but not significant. The results showed that both tilapia and catfish farming had positive returns on investment. However, in the long term, profitability from catfish was higher (ROI = 0.74) than tilapia farming (ROI = 0.73) but not significantly different. Tilapia farms recorded shorter payback time of 7 years when compared to catfish farms estimated at 9 years. This study calls for stronger commitment of government and stakeholders to address the issues of high cost of fish feed and access to fish fingerlings and markets, while improving specific on-farm management practices.

Application of novel framework approach for prediction of nitrate concentration susceptibility in coastal multi-aquifers, Bangladesh

The study sought to assess the effect of supply chain integration (SCI) on the performance of the procurement functions in the county governments of Western Region, Kenya. The study is anchored on systems theory as the main theory. The study used a descriptive research design. The study was conducted in the four Counties in Western Region, Kenya. The counties included Bungoma, Busia, Kakamega, and Vihiga county governments. The population for this study consisted of 215 county officials located in the Western Region of Kenya. Stratified simple random sample was used in the investigation to sample 168 supply chain employees, procurement officers, and finance officers. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instrument. A pilot study was carried out in Trans Nzoia County. The descriptive and inferential analysis of the data was conducted using SPSS version 26. The two forms of inferential analysis used in this study were simple linear regression, and Pearson correlation. The study found that supply chain integration significantly influenced procurement performance, with t = 7.134, B = 0.570, and p < 0.05, highlighting its positive impact on procurement functions. The study conclude that supply chain integration practices had a significant positive influence on procurement performance in county governments of western region. Supply chain integration provides internal integration, customer integration, external integration and horizontal integration. The study recommends that mutual goals with suppliers free from biasness should be adopted to ensure that collaborations between suppliers and companies exist. Customers should be part and parcel of procurement process to build a transparent procurement base. The study would enable policy makers aware of the vital role played by procurement practices with regard to procurement performance. The study's results may additionally empower the administration of diverse government agencies, such as county governments, to discern the fundamental elements that must be taken into account in supply chain management in order to maximize the utilization of public funds and resources.