The earliest development of the Vilnius Franciscan Church and monastery area

Straipsnio autoriai pristato vizualųjį plytų ženklinimo, plytų dydžių analizės ir geocheminių tyrimų metodus, kurie buvo kompleksiškai pritaikyti tiriant Vilniaus Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčios mūrus (plytas). Šių metodų pritaikymo tikslas – pateikti naujas galimybes spręsti senųjų mūrų chronologinius bei plytų gamybos technologinius klausimus.

Systematic archaeological research in the fortified medieval city of Caransebeș/Sebeș began in 2017. The fortified medieval city, attested for the first time in historical records in 1290 during the reign of Ladislaus IV of Hungary, belonged to an area of Byzantine influence in the 12th century, and later (most probably between 1186 and 1231–1232) fell under the influence of the second Vlach-Bulgarian Tsardom. Around 1231–1232 the discussed region (together with Caransebeș) became part of the Kingdom of Hungary. Both the city and the surrounding region had a predominantly Vlach population. For archaeological research we had at our disposal several plans of the city dated to the 17–18th centuries. Some time after the 1718 peace treaty signed in Požarevac (Passarowitz) between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy, the Caransebeș fortress was destroyed. Currently, only a few fragments of the fortifications are preserved in its northern area, but further archaeological excavations are needed to establish their precise dating and context. In the context of tensions between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy, the border city underwent rapid transformations over short periods of time during the 17–18th centuries. After 1551–1552, the region and implicitly the city of Caransebeș came under the authority of the Transylvanian princes. It was conquered by the Turks in 1658 and occupied by the Austrians in 1688, who proceeded to rearrange the Italian-style fortifications. The works were not completed, however, because the Ottoman Empire regained possession of the fortress in 1696 and held it until 1718. Over the course of three research seasons, we identified remains of three fragments of structures and a fragment of a ravelin on the north side, two fragments of the stone-paved road that crossed the city, and two fragments of the inner city walls. In the central area west of the road, both medieval and modern houses, fragments of iron processing workshops, and a possible pharmacy or spice shop were partially excavated. Moreover, on the surface of the ground inside the inner fortification, traces of walls were discovered, while on its outside – human osteological remains, indicating the presence of a church, especially when we consider that the plans of the fortress dated to the end of the 17th century, and that a Polish coin issued in 1627 during the reign of Sigismund III Vasa (1587–1632), most likely resulting from a destroyed grave, was discovered in situ. Overall, we can say that we were able to correlate cartographic, historical, and archaeological information in order to clarify the stages of the spatial development of the city, especially during the 16–18th centuries. Based on historical sources, we were able to find out more about who its inhabitants were, their religions, and the transformations that took place from a religious and administrative point of view.

Niniejszy artykuł stanowi omówienie zagadnienia trybu i sposobu prowadzenia badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem możliwości prawnych oraz analizę skutków (pozytywnych i negatywnych) wyboru poszczególnych form na sposób, w jaki prowadzone są prace projektowe oraz możliwości ekspozycji odsłoniętych reliktów. Zagadnienia te zostaną omówione głównie na przykładzie prac prowadzonych od 2015 roku na obszarze byłego szpitala im. Babińskiego przy placu Jana Pawła II we Wrocławiu przez zespół badawczy pod kierunkiem dr inż. arch. Piotra Kmiecika oraz dr Roberta Szweda, przy współudziale dr Czesława Lasoty. Teren byłego Szpitala był zdecydowanie jednym z najciekawszych pod względem archeologiczno – architektonicznym we Wrocławiu, jednocześnie jednak również jednym z najbardziej skomplikowanych. Na stopień skomplikowania miało wpływ nie tyle nagromadzenie warstw kulturowych i spodziewanych odkryć, a samo położenie oraz nawarstwienie ciągłych przekształceń obszaru, skutkujące gęstą zabudową, a także nagromadzeniem czynnych magistrali sieciowych o znaczeniu tranzytowym, ukształtowaniem powiązań komunikacyjnych w obrębie rozległego obszaru i ukształtowaniem zieleni objętej ochroną prawną. Jednoczesne wystąpienie tylu czynników spowodowało niemożliwość oszacowania zakresu i wielkości prowadzonych prac przed ich rozpoczęciem, wymusiło elastyczność oraz konieczność zaaranżowania badań z uwzględnieniem udziału ekip budowlanych w ich trakcie. Poziom komplikacji wymuszał także pewne modyfikacje w trybie prowadzonych prac, co ukazuje konieczność weryfikacji podejścia do restrykcyjnego podziału, oraz ukazuje szereg możliwości, jakie daje ściślejsza współpraca na linii architekt-archeolog-urząd konserwatora zabytków-budowa.

For a long time, the researches regarding the urban development of Timisoara during the Ottoman period based, especially, on the Austrian cartographical documentation from the 18th century, as well as on the Turkish chronicles and on the studies based on them. Since 2006, the archaeological rescue excavations have brought major contributions to the knowledge of the urban history of Timișoara. The most important archaeological investigations were executed between 2011 and 2013–2015. During these years, there were investigated both areas within the historical centre of the city, and the external suburbs of the Ottoman town („Palanca Mare” and „Palanca Mică”). A premiere for the archaeological research was the uncovering of the fortification system north to the fortress confirming both the historical information concerning the reparations done to the fortress, and the cartographical information. Into the archaeological trenches executed in the Union Square („Piața Unirii”), there was uncovered just the base of the rammed earth rampart that formed the curtain wall of the fortress during the Ottoman occupation, as well as the defensive ditch. According to Sigismondo de Prato, the curtain wall of the fortification was a „modo hungarico” type of construction. In addition, a premiere was the uncovering of the second defensive line of the fortress of Timișoara that was situated north to the curtain wall of the fortress. The archaeological researches in the Sergent Constantin Mușat Street revealed the existence of a defensive ditch doubled by a wooden palisade, represented in the maps from the beginning of the 18th century.The archaeological researches within the urban perimeter of the town have pointed out an agglomeration of wooden dwellings lined up to the streets. At the very beginning, the streets were paved with tree branches, and later from oak trunks. Beside the houses, ones endowed with basement, and probably with a floor, there were also pit-dwellings in the suburbs of Timisoara during the Ottoman period.The information referring to the town water sources, mentioned by the historical sources, were completed by the historical researches that uncovered aqueducts made of ceramic pipes linked one to the other. These aqueducts plead for existence of a complex hydro technique system in connection with a tanker supplied with help of a hydraulic wheel.A last issue caught by he archaeological researches within the perimeter of the fortress of Timisoara and of the two suburbs illustrates the multiethnic and confessional aspects of the town. The world of the dead coexists with the world of the alive through the emplacement of the necropolis in the middle of the town and of the suburbs. At the beginning of the 18th century, there were also necropolis situated out of the external suburbs of Timisoara. After the conquest of Timisoara by the Habsburg Empire, the town cemetery was moved outside the fortress wall, on the western part of the town.

The paper presents the results of archaeological and architectural research on the premises of the former Babiński Hospital at John Paul II Square (plac Jana Pawła II) in Wrocław (Poland), during which the relics of the unfinished second left-bank castle, dating back to the end of the 13th century, were uncovered.Since the 17th century there has been a hypothesis about the existence of a second, nevercompleted left-bank castle, situated on the site of the later building of St. Nicholas’ Arsenal. It was widely discussed in academic papers from the 1940s, as well as by Polish researchers after World War II. This castle was most often associated with the person of Prince Henry IV Probus. The first archaeological investigations which allowed for its preliminary confirmation were carried out in 1979, 1981 and 1992–1994 by a team led by Dr. Jerzy Romanow. Their results, however, did not allow a definitive solution to the problem.

German cities and towns experienced a turbulent political life in the two and a half centuries between the Reformation and the French Revolution. Many German towns, of course, escaped all political turmoil. But dozens of communities, including most of the largest cities in the Holy Roman Empire, were racked by episodes of bitter conflict, leading in some cases to the overthrow of existing regimes and the seizure of power at least temporarily by revolutionary opponents. 1 This is an aspect of German urban history which has only recently come to be fully appreciated. Earlier accounts of political conflict in the premodern German city tended to focus on the burgher struggles of the Middle Ages or the urban conflicts that accompanied the Reformation. Increasingly, however, it has come to be recognized that political conflict continued to be characteristic of German urban life right down to the end of the Holy Roman Empire. The rich tradition of local history in Germany has, of course, insured that almost all of these urban conflicts have been described in some form or other by historians. But such treatments have been highly uneven in quality and quantity. A few episodes have been thoroughly studied. Most notable among these is the Fettmilch Uprising, which took place in Frankfurt from 1612 to 1614: this episode has generated an extensive (though in some cases repetitious) literature, and in recent years it even became the subject of a popular paperback and a television drama.2 By

New iconographies themes, but also well-developed and enriched older program solutions, are the most vivid expression of the theological teachings and piety of an epoch. Some of the favorite themes in European art at that time were the Madonna di Misericordia and the Immaculata Conceptione. Written sources lead us to conclude that these iconographies solutions existed and were developed in the Kotor area. The Madonna di Misericordia was made for members of a religious brotherhood, while the Immaculata Conceptione is mentioned in reference to a chapel of the same name, in the church of the monastery of the Franciscan Observants of St. Bernardin. Like the demand for the wider accessibility of theological books intended for layman (breviaries and Psalters), so the increasing demand for altar paintings reflected new trends in the Catholic Church that developed from the 13th century according to the decisions of the 4th Lateran Council. The most important role in developing the new aspect of piety in towns was played by the members of the Franciscan and Dominican orders. Besides the many novelties they introduced in religious practice, they also gave a strong impetus to the veneration of holy pictures and to the development of new iconographies solutions. Altar paintings were frequently commissioned by the brotherhoods who reflected the spiritual and commercial life of the town through their religious activities and craftsmanship. It was for the brotherhood of St. Trifun that the painting of Our Lady of Mercy was produced, the existence of which is indirectly recorded by means of a decree of the brotherhood written in 1413. On the other hand, an even more exhaustive amount of information, both about this and about the Altar of the Immaculate Conception in the Franciscan church, is found in the wills of the Kotor inhabitants. On their deathbeds, the testators frequently bequeathed especially revered paintings or donations to have them produced, as acts of charity and as bequests. The information in the wills testifies to the fact that, at the very beginning of the 16th century, a chapel of the Immaculate Conception existed in Kotor that housed a much venerated painting of the Immaculata Conceptione, a theme especially supported by the Franciscans in their debates in medieval times. The possibility that a developed iconographies form of the Immaculata Conceptione existed is confirmed by the icon of Our Lady of Skrpjel, created about half a century prior to any mention of the painting in the Franciscan chapel, whose iconography already contained the elements of the Immaculata Conceptione.

Archaeological Research on Islamic Pottery from Qal´eh Sang, Old Sirjan (Kerman Province, Iran)

Dating (early) modern hearths on a decadal to multi-annual timescale using OSL signals from heated sedimentary quartz

Golub Castle has aroused the interest of researchers since the 19th century. In the 1960s, in connection with its planned reconstruction, architectural and archaeological research was carried out, the results of which, however, were not fully realised. In 1989, further archaeological surveys were carried out to verify the question of the earlier settlement. From the current research it can be concluded that there was no early medieval stronghold in the place of the later castle. However, there was settlement until the 11th century. The next traces derive only from the time when Golub was taken over by the Teutonic Knights in 1293. It can be concluded from the sources that they erected a temporary wooden watchtower, which was the seat of the procurator in 1304. It is uncertain whether it was situated in the same location as the castle, although perhaps it is associated with a layer of burning, documented under the high castle. It is also unclear whether the original moat and embankment, protecting the outer ward from the west, should be associated with this structure. Around 1305 a commandery was established in Golub and the construction of a brick castle began. This saw the employment of the old Culm measure and the geometric ad quadratum method. The four-wing convent house was built according to a homogeneous plan, but it was implemented in stages typical for this type of building in Prussia. First, a peripheral curtain wall was built, then the main and subsequent wings. Modifications were made during the process of construction, abandoning, among others, the building of the Bergfrid. From the west, the castle was protected by a walled moat and parcham. Initially the outer bailey was constructed of timber and earth, on a trapezoidal plan and protected by the aforementioned moat and embankment. It was not until around the mid-14th century that the brick perimeter of the outer ward with towers was built, expanding them to the west and southeast. Inside, there were farm buildings, known from modern sources and archaeological excavations. At the end of the 14th century, two cylindrical fire towers were built in front of the west facade of the convent house, and at the beginning of the 15th century, two houses were inserted between them. The last works carried out by the Teutonic Knights in the castle were related to its reconstruction after the war of 1422.

Purpose: Identification of the successive stages of construction, restructuring and disassembling of the former hotel buildings at 1 Rycerska Street in Bytom. Design/methodology/approach: The following architectural research was undertaken: analysis of archival documentation and the current state of preservation of the building; collection and testing of mortar and wood samples; an inventory (laser scanning) and comparative studies of the stone cellars and eastern wall, the southern and western walls (including lintels on the third floor) and an external wall, the remains of the former connecting wall between the existing building on Rycerska Street and the demolished one at Grunwaldzki Square; also studies comparing the building’s cellars on Rycerska Street with other previously known structures in Bytom such as the cellars of the western frontage of Rynek (Market Square). Findings: The work above resulted in linking current findings with data from historical sources, establishing the sequence of changes (the structure's stratigraphy) and confirming the originality of the features being examined. Research limitations/implications: Time, accessibility, the inability to examine the adjacent structure (no. 3 Rycerska Street), which included the cellars and the wall between the town houses. Practical implications: Improving the teaching process of architectural research and utilising the research to understand the history of changes in the development of Bytom market square. Social implications: The ability to undertake architectural research on a historic structure is contributory to the preservation of cultural heritage. Originality/value: Filling a research gap in the building history of Bytom market square. Keywords: architectural research, education, town house, research techniques. Category of the paper: Research paper.

In order to warrant a good present and future for people around the planet and to safe the care of the planet itself, research in architecture has to release all its potential. Therefore, the aims of the 3rd Valencia International Biennial of Research in Architecture are: To focus on the most relevant needs of humanity and the planet and what architectural research can do for solving them. To assess the evolution of architectural research in traditionally matters of interest and the current state of these popular and widespread topics. To deepen in the current state and findings of architectural research on subjects akin to post-capitalism and frequently related to equal opportunities and the universal right to personal development and happiness. To showcase all kinds of research related to the new and holistic concept of sustainability and to climate emergency. To place in the spotlight those ongoing works or available proposals developed by architectural researchers in order to combat the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. To underline the capacity of architectural research to develop resiliency and abilities to adapt itself to changing priorities. To highlight architecture’s multidisciplinarity as a melting pot of multiple approaches, points of view and expertise. To open new perspectives for architectural research by promoting the development of multidisciplinary and inter-university networks and research groups. For all that, the 3rd Valencia International Biennial of Research in Architecture is open not only to architects, but also for any academic, practitioner, professional or student with a determination to develop research in architecture or neighboring fields

Documenting tangible cultural heritage using 3D modeling techniques is gradually becoming an indispensable component of archaeological practice. The 3D modeling techniques based on photogrammetry and LiDAR scanning enable high-accuracy and high-realistic reconstruction of archaeological sites, and have been proven a powerful tool for documenting archaeological excavations. However, dynamically documenting an ongoing excavation using these techniques is still considered tedious, time-consuming, expensive, and dependent on expertise. Moreover, the application of 3D modeling techniques in archaeological excavations still faces some technical challenges, such as modeling with multi-source and multi-scale data, fusing local models at different times into a whole, achieving fast modeling while GPU workstations are not available in the field, and evaluating the quality of 3D models. As a result, there are still very few archaeological teams deeply engaged in dynamic documentation with 3D modeling techniques, and traditional drawing sketches and taking photographs still dominate. In these senses, documenting the archaeological excavation at the Yunxian Man site (located in Hubei, China) is an invaluable opportunity for exploration and practice. Archaeologists determined to conduct dynamically documenting at the beginning of the 6th excavation project for the site, and established a rotation system to reconcile physical excavation with digital preservation. Through repeated practice and communication, we proposed a workflow and pursued several new methods to enhance the feasibility of dynamically documenting, and obtained 4D models of the ongoing archaeological excavations. In 2022, the Yunxian Man site unearthed the most intact fossil of hominin cranium from about one million years ago in the Eurasian continent, preserving important and scarce anatomical features of early humans in Asia. As the original taphonomic context of the fossil corroded away during physical excavations, the digital documentation consisting of 4D models serves as permanent original data source in subsequent archaeological research. Moreover, we obtained cross-scale 3D models from geographical environment to archaeological site, excavation area, and cultural remains, and all of these 3D models are in an actual, unified coordinate framework. Thus, we can contribute to multidisciplinary cross-collaborative research through data sharing. Considering that digital documentations serve a great value in archaeological research, this paper focuses on sharing the workflow and methods to facilitate digital preservation for more archaeological projects.

The carbon dioxide contributing to binder formation during the set of a lime mortar reflects the atmospheric 14C content at the time of construction of a building. For this reason, the 14C dating of mortars is used with increasing frequencies in archaeological and architectural research. Mortars, however, may also contain carbonaceous contaminants potentially affecting radiocarbon dating. The Centre for Isotopic Research on Cultural and Environmental heritage (CIRCE) of the Second University of Naples (SUN) has recently obtained some promising results in mortar radiocarbon dating thanks to the development of a procedure (i.e. CryoSoniC/Cryo2SoniC) aiming to eliminate exogenous C contamination that may occur in a mortar.The construction history of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Modena (Italy) is still controversial and represents a challenging case study for the application of absolute dating methodologies for different reasons. From the point of view of 14C dating, for example, given the high percentage of carbonate aggregates composing these samples, Modena mortars represent an experimental test particularly indicative of exogenous carbon sources suppression ensuring methodology accuracy.In this paper several AMS Radiocarbon dates were carried out on lime lumps with the aim to: (i) verify procedure accuracy by a comparison of the results obtainable from lime lumps dated after different treatments (i.e. bulk lime lumps vs. CryoSoniC purified lime lumps); (ii) compare different building phases absolute chronology for the medieval UNESCO site of Modena, with that assumed by historical sources in order to assess preliminary the 14C dating feasibility for of the site.Historical temporal constraints and mortar clustering, based on petrography, have been applied to define a temporal framework of the analyzed structure. Moreover, a detailed petrographic characterization of mortars was used both as a preliminary tool for the choice of samples and to infer about the lack of accuracy (when verified) of the applied mortar 14C dating procedure.

Identification of Italian Renaissance noble women through a bioarchaeological study of skeletal remains.