The duty to secure and the Just war

The analysis of uncertainty in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies has been a topic for more than 10 years, and many commercial LCA programs now feature a sampling approach called Monte Carlo analysis. Yet, a full Monte Carlo analysis of a large LCA system, for instance containing the 4,000 unit processes of ecoinvent v2.2, is rarely carried out by LCA practitioners. One reason for this is computation time. An alternative faster than Monte Carlo method is analytical error propagation by means of a Taylor series expansion; however, this approach suffers from being explained in the literature in conflicting ways, hampering implementation in most software packages for LCA. The purpose of this paper is to compare the two different approaches from a theoretical and practical perspective. In this paper, we compare the analytical and sampling approaches in terms of their theoretical background and their mathematical formulation. Using three case studies—one stylized, one real-sized, and one input–output (IO)-based—we approach these techniques from a practical perspective and compare them in terms of speed and results. Depending on the precise question, a sampling or an analytical approach provides more useful information. Whenever they provide the same indicators, an analytical approach is much faster but less reliable when the uncertainties are large. For a good analysis, analytical and sampling approaches are equally important, and we recommend practitioners to use both whenever available, and we recommend software suppliers to implement both.

Crack growth modeling and simulation of a peridynamic fatigue model based on numerical and analytical solution approaches

This study aims to analyze the impact of overclaims on the credibility and effectiveness of skincare product marketing by influencers on social media and to examine how business ethics views can be applied in the practice of overclaims in skincare product marketing using influencers. The type of research used in this study is qualitative research with an analytical descriptive approach. Qualitative research aims to understand social problems in depth by analyzing the perceptions, attitudes, and actions of various parties involved, such as companies, influencers, and consumers affected by overclaim practices. This research approach uses an Analytical Descriptive Approach, allowing researchers to explore the issue of overclaims in the marketing of skincare products in more depth. The analytical approach is used to examine business ethics related to overclaim practices in the promotion of skincare products involving influencers and consumers, the analytical approach allows researchers to describe and understand in depth the phenomenon of overclaim, as well as its implications for consumers and company reputation. The results are based on interviews with two influencers and group discussions with two groups of active social media consumers, several conclusions were obtained as Overclaim has a negative impact on credibility and marketing effectiveness. Overclaiming creates a sense of disappointment and distrust from consumers, thus reducing promotional effectiveness and damaging the reputation of both the influencer and the brand in question, and business ethics have a central role in shaping responsible marketing strategies.

This work proposes an analytical planning approach for determining the maximum penetration of renewable distributed generation (DG) in radial power distribution systems with the consideration of wind turbines and solar photovoltaics. Firstly, an analytical approach based on a simplified set of analytical expressions is proposed for manual calculation of maximum DG penetration at individual buses in the distribution network. Then, the solution realized by analytical approach is validated against the exhaustive load flow analysis, in a 33-bus radial distribution system. Afterwards, a DG planning method is developed based on the analytical approach. The application of DG planning method is assessed in a 69-bus distribution system where the numerical results confirm its usefulness. The proposed planning method can be used as a preliminary tool for estimating the maximum allowable DG penetration in the distribution network.

The analytical and simulation approaches used for generation adequacy assessment are reviewed in this paper in the context of large-scale wind penetration. The analytical approach applied by the UK system regulator and sequential Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) are compared based on a realistic model of the UK power system. It is found that the analytical approach yields a higher risk of security of supply compared to sequential MCS approach. This is due to the fact that the analytical approach fails to take into account the inherently chronological nature of wind power. A further contribution of this paper is the estimate of the duration and severity of single capacity shortfall provided via sequential MCS. This is essential to future networks in which alternative resources (mainly demand response and storage) can be deployed as proxies for capacity. Moreover, high impact and low probability events are captured properly through sequential MCS. A key conclusion of this paper is that sequential MCS should be applied to estimate generation adequacy as it provides more realistic results of the various indicators.

The present study explores the influence of the analytical and holistic approaches on semantic integration of literal and metaphorical sentences. We recorded ERP to compare brain responses to literal (e.g. Mosquitoes are insects) and metaphorical (e.g. Mosquitoes are vampires) sentences, preceded by two types of interpretative cues to encourage literal comprehension (e.g. ‘By definition’, analytical approach), or figurative comprehension (e.g. ‘In some sense’, holistic approach). Participants were asked to classify all sentences according to whether they made sense to them or not. The N400 effect elicited by the critical word in literal and metaphorical sentences was analyzed considering the induced approach. Additionally, the ERP activity elicited during the exposure of the stem sentence was also analyzed to evaluate the potential impact of both approaches on context processing. N400 effect usually reported for metaphorical words was only observed in the analytical comprehension condition, not in the holistic one, resulting in a significant interaction effect (Congruency x Approach) due to larger amplitudes for metaphors when analytically approached. The ERP response to the stem sentences was also affected by the approach, exhibiting a larger Contingent Negative Variation (CNV-like) in the analytical condition. The obtained results suggest (1) that the classically reported N400 effect for metaphoricity, can be affected by the subject’s approach to language comprehension, influencing semantic integration, and (2) CNVlike modulation before critical word reflects that the approach also affects processing of linguistic context, prior to target processing.

This introductory chapter to the second part of the book begins by highlighting the implementation of the goal of the book on the front of exploring the constructive engagement of analytic and Continental approaches beyond the Western tradition. The introduction is largely in three related connections. First, it briefly indicates how the coverage of this part is considered, and how the chapters of this part are organized in view of their topics and concerns. Next, to aid readers in understanding how it is possible for those addressed resources from different traditions on the theme to engage each other in a cross-tradition constructive way, the chapter presents a characterization of the analytic and continental approaches in philosophy. Finally, it explains how it is possible to have adequate methodological guiding principles in cross-tradition philosophical inquiries by suggesting a set of adequacy conditions. Keywords:adequacy conditions; analytic approach; constructive engagement; Continental approach; methodological guiding principle; Western tradition

As discussed in Section 1.2, process monitoring measures are derived based on the data-driven, analytical, or knowledge-based approaches. This book focuses mostly on the data-driven methods, which include control charts (Shewhart, CUSUM, and EWMA charts) and dimensionality reduction techniques (PCA, PLS, FDA, and CVA). A well-trained engineer should also have some familiarity with the analytical and knowledge-based approaches since they have advantages for some process monitoring problems. The analytical approach can provide improved process monitoring when an accurate first-principles model is available. Also, both analytical and knowledge-based approaches can incorporate process flowsheet information in a straightforward way.

To determine the anatomical variations of the lateral nasal wall and anterior skull base amongst populations in different geographical regions. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Using PRISMA guidelines, SCOPUS and PUBMED databases were searched from inception until 1 March 2022. The regions and populations identified were from Europe, Asia, Middle East, Australia-New Zealand-Oceania, South America, North America and Africa. Random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic and Cochran's Q test. Anatomical variations of the lateral nasal wall and anterior skull base confirmed by computed tomography scan. Fifty-six articles were included with a total of 11 805 persons. The most common anatomical variation of the ostiomeatal complex was pneumatization of the agger nasi (84.1%), olfactory fossa was Keros type 2 (53.8%) and ethmoids was asymmetry of the roof (42.8%). Sphenoethmoidal and suprabullar cells have a higher prevalence in North Americans (53.7%, 95% CI: 46.00-61.33) while asymmetry of ethmoid roof more common in Middle Easterns (85.5%, 95% CI: .00-100). Bent uncinate process has greater prevalence in Asians while supraorbital ethmoid cells and Keros type 3 more common in non-Asians. The overall studies have substantial heterogeneity and publication bias. Certain anatomic variants are more common in a specific population. The 'approach of analysis' plays a role in the prevalence estimates and consensus should be made in future studies regarding the most appropriate 'approach of analysis' either by persons or by sides.

A COMPARISON OF BRAIN IMAGING MODALITIES AND ANALYSIS APPROACHES FOR MEASURES OF CEREBROVASCULAR RESPONSIVENESS

Background There are two fundamental approaches to clinical reasoning, intuitive and analytical. These approaches have yet to be well explored to describe how pharmacists make decisions to determine medication appropriateness. Objective (1) to identify the cognitive actions (i.e., operators) that pharmacists employ when they move from one cue (i.e., concept) to another, and (2) to describe the overall clinical reasoning approach taken by pharmacists when checking for medication appropriateness. Setting Pharmacists from a chain pharmacy in Canadawere invited to participate in this study. Method Data was collected in private rooms using video recordings to capture simulated patient-pharmacist interactions of a new prescription medication. A simulated case scenario was used to gather two types of verbal reports, concurrent think-aloud and structured retrospective think-aloud from pharmacists. All verbal reports were video-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using protocol analysis. Main outcome measure Pharmacists' reasoning approaches when making medication appropriateness decisions. Results A total of 17 pharmacists participated. Pharmacists were most likely to use analytical clinical reasoning approaches when checking prescriptions and three used no clinical reasoning. When the pharmacists were asked specific questions regarding the decision-making model for pharmacy (i.e., check for indication, efficacy, safety, and adherence), 50% reported using analytical decision-making approaches, with a third of the decisions being made in hindsight. Conclusion The majority of the pharmacists followed an analytical decision-making approach to clinical reasoning. When the pharmacists were asked prompting questions about their medication-related decisions, they employed a combination of intuitive and analytical approaches. The pharmacists had the competency to check for medication appropriateness; though this knowledge was mostly restructured during the process of hindsight reasoning.

Retaining walls are structures that hold soil or other materials behind them. Dry masonry retaining walls are built with non-cemented rock slabs or masonry. Unlike concrete walls, they should be designed to ensure not only general stability, encompassing sliding below the wall, foundation collapse or toppling of the whole wall but rather, designs should also account for intrinsic stability, since these walls can fail due to sliding through masonry contacts or to toppling of parts of the wall. Analytical approaches are used to design these walls, but failures still take place in practice. In this study the authors performed physical models of small-scale walls and compare results against analytical and numerical approaches, with the aim of better understanding the possible failure mechanisms and fine tuning the development of these approaches. Physical models are a sound tool for verifying and analysing some instability mechanisms, and particularly those associated with the stability of dry masonry retaining walls controlled by gravitational forces and frictional strength. The authors have designed and carried out physical model experiments of no backfill walls, which are tilted until failure, and walls backfilled with sand, that are backfilled progressively until failure or final stability. The response of these physical models is compared against analytical calculations showing a good agreement, provided some fine tuning of the calculations is performed. This includes accounting for rounding of the corner of the used granite blocks. Moreover, discrete element numerical models of these small-scale retaining walls are performed, showing a good representation of the mechanisms and stability levels at stake in comparison both to physical models and analytical computations. Granite dry masonry retaining wall failures are still not well-understood. The presented approach shows that some factors such as the rounding of the corners of blocks or the dip of the base plane of potential toppling elements of the wall can be relevant for the occurring of instability mechanisms, so they should be accounted for in design methodologies. Moreover, the study shows that a multi-scope design methodology like the one here proposed (analytical, physical and numerical models) is convenient for the designing of these type walls (new geometries), since it can help to identify issues that can be overlooked when applying only one of the possible approaches.

In recent years, active distribution networks have gained in importance due to increased emphasis on renewable energy sources. The integration of these sources into the power system is intrinsically related to various types of uncertainties. In such cases, evaluating line loading and line active power is of immense importance in providing comprehensive details for use in power system planning. This paper presents two key (numerical and analytical) approaches for comparing computational times and accuracy for line loading and active power in an active distribution network. Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo simulations are categorized as numerical methods and combined cumulants and Gram-Charlier expansion is an analytical approach. The IEEE 13-bus test system was employed to conduct the required analysis. It was determined that the combined cumulants and Gram-Charlier expansion method is quite accurate and computationally efficient when compared to Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo methods.

We review and update our results for $$K\rightarrow \pi \pi $$ decays and $$K^0$$ – $$\bar{K}^0$$ mixing obtained by us in the 1980s within an analytic approximate approach based on the dual representation of QCD as a theory of weakly interacting mesons for large $$N$$ , where $$N$$ is the number of colors. In our analytic approach the Standard Model dynamics behind the enhancement of $$\hbox {Re}A_0$$ and suppression of $$\hbox {Re}A_2$$ , the so-called $$\Delta I=1/2$$ rule for $$K\rightarrow \pi \pi $$ decays, has a simple structure: the usual octet enhancement through the long but slow quark–gluon renormalization group evolution down to the scales $$\mathcal{O}(1\, {\hbox { GeV}})$$ is continued as a short but fast meson evolution down to zero momentum scales at which the factorization of hadronic matrix elements is at work. The inclusion of lowest-lying vector meson contributions in addition to the pseudoscalar ones and of Wilson coefficients in a momentum scheme improves significantly the matching between quark–gluon and meson evolutions. In particular, the anomalous dimension matrix governing the meson evolution exhibits the structure of the known anomalous dimension matrix in the quark–gluon evolution. While this physical picture did not yet emerge from lattice simulations, the recent results on $$\hbox {Re}A_2$$ and $$\hbox {Re}A_0$$ from the RBC-UKQCD collaboration give support for its correctness. In particular, the signs of the two main contractions found numerically by these authors follow uniquely from our analytic approach. Though the current–current operators dominate the $$\Delta I=1/2$$ rule, working with matching scales $$\mathcal{O}(1 \, {\hbox { GeV}})$$ we find that the presence of QCD-penguin operator $$Q_6$$ is required to obtain satisfactory result for $$\hbox {Re}A_0$$ . At NLO in $$1/N$$ we obtain $$R=\hbox {Re}A_0/\hbox {Re}A_2= 16.0\pm 1.5$$ which amounts to an order of magnitude enhancement over the strict large $$N$$ limit value $$\sqrt{2}$$ . We also update our results for the parameter $$\hat{B}_K$$ , finding $$\hat{B}_K=0.73\pm 0.02$$ . The smallness of $$1/N$$ corrections to the large $$N$$ value $$\hat{B}_K=3/4$$ results within our approach from an approximate cancelation between pseudoscalar and vector meson one-loop contributions. We also summarize the status of $$\Delta M_K$$ in this approach.

This paper claims that a clear realization of the general principles of codification of punctuation should precede the work on creating a complete set of rules for Russian punctuation. Disputes among linguists on the qualification of new phenomena in punctuation are clear evidence of the absence of generally accepted criteria for assessing codification of norms. The proposed integrated approach to the codification of punctuation norms combines the results of observation over usage (taking into account the social variation of usage) with results of interviews. It is necessary to distinguish between analytical and synthetic approaches. Within the analytical approach, a given punctuation mark serves the starting point for further investigation: the researchers seek to provide most accurate account of its functions. Within the synthetic approach, a given syntactic position is the starting point: one should establish whether it requires a punctuation mark and, if so, which one. Rules of punctuation require the synthetic approach while theoretical grounds for them may be better discovered within the analytical approach. The codification consists of two stages, namely, (i) deciding whether a punctuation mark is appropriate in a given syntactic position, and (ii) stating the corresponding rule. Often the codifiers do not distinguish between those two stages. The Commission for Orthography of the Russian Academy of Sciences analyzes discrepancies between rules for punctuation and usage. In addition, the Commission studies variation of punctuation standards as well as some specific issues of punctuation. These issues will be reflected in a new punctuation code.