Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) has attracted much attention due to its requirement of low excitation power density (solar light is sufficient), high upconversion quantum yield, readily tunable excitation/emission wavelength and potential applications in photovoltaics and photocatalysis, etc. This review introduced the mechanism of TTA upconversion and method for calculation of upconversion quantum yield, as well as the design rationales of the reported sensitizers were reviewed in detail. Photo upconversions in rubbery polymeric materials and polymer nanoparticles and applications in fields like photoelectrochemistry, solar cells, bioimaging <italic>in vivo</italic> were also reviewed.
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