The Development of Sight-Reading and Ear Training through Applications from the Google Play Store / Dezvoltarea citirii muzicale și educarea auzului cu ajutorul aplicațiilor din Magazinul Google Play

Background: Smartphones have become indispensable tools in daily life; however, excessive use has been increasingly associated with adverse health outcomes. Problematic smartphone use may disrupt physiological homeostasis and contribute to multisystem dysfunction. Objective: To synthesize current evidences on the pathophysiological mechanisms linking excessive smartphone use with human health disorders. Methods: A systematic literature search using MeSH terms was performed in PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, Web of Science, ProQuest Central, and PsycINFO for English-language studies published up to October 2025. Studies exploring biological or physiological mechanisms associated with smartphone overuse were included. The review followed PRISMA guidelines, and eligible studies were assessed for methodological quality. Findings were synthesized thematically. Results: Of 103 records screened, 43 met inclusion criteria. Excessive smartphone use was associated with neuropsychological alterations including GABAergic dysfunction, reduced grey matter volume, and disrupted neural connectivity. Ocular disorders included digital eye strain, tear film instability, and blue light–induced retinal stress. Musculoskeletal issues such as text neck syndrome and tendon strain were linked to poor posture. Endocrine and metabolic effects stemmed from sleep deprivation, circadian misalignment, and sedentary behaviour, while cardiovascular disturbances involved sympathetic overactivation, reduced heart rate variability, and endothelial dysfunction. Conclusion:Excessive smartphone use exerts measurable adverse effects on multiple physiological systems through interconnected neurological, endocrine, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal pathways. The pathophysiological mechanisms primarily involve neuroendocrine dysregulation, oxidative stress, autonomic imbalance, and inflammatory activation, leading to both physical and psychological health disturbances. Public health strategies promoting digital hygiene, behavioural therapy, ergonomic practices, and screentime moderation are vital to prevent smartphone-related health disorders. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2025;20(2): 91-99

Emotions such as anger, gratitude, envy, and pride can be thought of as tools: They tend to serve context-specific functions in daily life. Prior work has shown that people can use emotions as tools in laboratory contexts, yet it is unclear whether people do use emotions as tools in daily life by intentionally trying to feel or express emotions that could yield context-specific beneficial outcomes. We examined this issue in 6 studies (total N = 1,409) in which participants (a) identified scenarios where specific emotions typically function as tools, (b) recalled episodes of emotional tool use, and (c) reported on emotional tool use in daily life via experience-sampling under experimental instructions. We found that people regularly used emotions as tools in daily life, but that people used positive emotions as tools much more frequently than negative emotions. Yet, when people used positive emotions as tools, this led to less beneficial outcomes than when participants felt positive emotions reactively-in part because using positive emotions as tools felt inauthentic-whereas using negative emotions as tools led to more beneficial outcomes than feeling negative emotions reactively. These findings point to a fascinating paradox: Although people are more willing to use positive (vs. negative) emotions as tools, these choices may not lead people to garner maximal possible benefits of positive emotions, while preventing people from capitalizing on the benefits of using negative emotions as tools. We discuss implications of this work for incorporating emotional tool use into theories of emotion regulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

several reports have noted significant associations among phonological awareness, early reading skills, and music perception skills in young children. We examined whether music processing skills differentially predicted reading performance in a broad age range of 69 children with and without formal music training. Pitch perception was correlated with phonological awareness, a finding consistent with the hypothesis that basic auditory processing skills underlie the association between music and reading abilities. Nevertheless, the correlation between music skills and reading skills was affected by the presence of formal music training: pitch discrimination predicted reading ability only in children without formal music training. Studies examining the association between music perception and reading (and perhaps other cognitive domains as well) should not ignore the factor of music training.

Violin students between 7 and 11 years old require reinforcement in their music reading skills. Even though they have good bases in music reading, children often get confused while reading and playing their instruments simultaneously because they initiate a different cognitive process. The guiding research question was: How can we improve children’s music reading skills through the understanding of images? The research was implemented in the school “Diego Echavarria” using visual teaching materials that were designed in order to create structure and solid bases for learning with the aim of allowing the students to improve their music reading skills with the violin. A mixed methods research design was used, collecting data using quantitative and qualitative tools. The data analysis carried out through triangulation gives us (from each category) the results directly from the sources and we compare it against the theoretical framework.

Kutatásunkban a zenei műveltség egyik alapvető komponensét, a kottaolvasás fejlettségét, valamint az orientációs képességgel való kapcsolatát vizsgáltuk online diagnosztikus tesztkörnyezetben 9–12 éves zeneiskolás tanulók bevonásával (n=124). Saját fejlesztésű mérőeszközünkkel a dallamolvasás, a ritmusolvasás, a zenei hallás fejlettségéről, valamint a zenei szimbólumok és fogalmak ismeretéről alkottunk képet. Az orientációs képesség vizsgálatára szintén saját fejlesztésű mérőeszközt alkalmaztunk. A kottaolvasás negyedik és hatodik évfolyam között szignifikánsan fejlődik. A dallamolvasás, a ritmusolvasás, a zenei hallás, valamint a zenei szimbólumok ismerete szignifikánsan összefügg a kottaolvasás fejlettségével. Az orientációs képesség és a kottaolvasás között szintén szignifikáns korreláció mutatható ki. A zeneiskolai tantárgyak közül a zenetörténet és a zenekar érdemjegyei állnak legszorosabb kapcsolatban a kottaolvasás fejlettségével. A szolfézs tantárgy tevékenységei iránti tanulói attitűd vizsgálata alapján pedig az éneklés és a zenehallgatás szignifikáns korrelációja mutatható ki. A szülők iskolai végzettsége és a kottaolvasás fejlettsége között nem találtunk összefüggést. Az elméleti jelentőségén túl kutatásunk hozzájárulhat a kottaolvasást segítő fejlesztő programok kidolgozásához.

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, digital health solutions ensured the continuity of care especially in primary healthcare practices. COVID-19 accelerated the adoption of digital health solutions. The aim of this study is to describe the digital health-related attitudes and experiences of Hungarian Primary Care Physicians (PCPs) and also analyse the socio-demographic effects on digital health attitudes among PCPs.MethodsThis study used a quantitative and qualitative mixed methodological approach to examine the digital health-related attitudes and experience of Hungarian PCPs. As part of the "E-physicians and E-patients in Hungary" survey, we conducted an online survey among medical doctors working in Hungary between July 2021 to May 2022. A total of 1,774 questionnaires were received, consisting of 1,576 medical doctors and 198 dentists. Among the medical doctors there were 415 primary care physicians (PCPs). In addition to the online questionnaire survey, qualitative research in the form of semi-structured interviews with doctors was also conducted. These interviews took place between October 2021 and June 2022. A total of 62 interviews were conducted,19 with PCPs.ResultsPrimary care physicians are more open to technologies that facilitate communication and collaboration with patients, while showing less interest in technologies that support clinical work. Of the demographic variables (age, gender, type of settlement), age was found to have the most significant effect on digital health knowledge, use and intended use. Both the interviews and the multivariate analysis indicate that individuals with greater knowledge, expertise, and experience are more likely to perceive the advantages of digital solutions. This highlights the importance of training, especially given the significant aging population among Hungarian primary care physicians, who may not be accustomed to using these tools naturally. The way PCPs perceive patient expectations regarding the use of digital health tools has a significant impact on the PCPs’ use and intended use of digital tools. When looking at perceived patient needs among PCPs the effect of age and municipality type of PCPs is significant. As age increases, the perception of patient needs decreases (from 5.02 to 4.47), and by municipality type, the average number of perceived needs decreases as one moves from larger cities to smaller municipalities (from 4.85 to 4.14).ConclusionsDigital health solutions have the potential to enhance the work of PCPs, but successful implementation requires addressing specific needs, demographic differences, and challenges faced by PCPs. Development of infrastructure, education, and institutional support is necessary to ensure more efficient and higher-quality healthcare delivery through the use of digital technologies.

Digital tools, referring to a wide range of hardware and software, are increasingly integrated into music education due to advancements in technology and growing accessibility. This trend is evident in an increasing number of teachers utilizing digital tools in their classrooms and a growing body of studies examining how these tools can support children's learning. In elementary school-related studies, the primary objective of using digital tools is to increase student engagement, which in turn can support the development of musical skills and learning motivation. This systematic review evaluates the current state and effectiveness of interventions in this field. A total of 2,382 records were identified, with 15 studies meeting the inclusion criteria (e.g., studies from peer-reviewed journals, including at least one digital tool, and focusing on elementary students). These studies examined outcomes such as musical performance, music theory skills, creativity, and proficiency in digital tool use. Most studies reported positive effects of using digital tools on musical skills. In several studies, the interventions not only improved measured musical skills but also had significant impacts on motivation and engagement. To assess the trustworthiness of these interventions, the review conducted a comprehensive critical appraisal of their methodological designs. The findings revealed that all studies exhibited certain limitations in their study designs, which undermined the strength of the available evidence. This review highlights the variety of interventions, measurement approaches, and outcomes in this field, acknowledging the challenges of this diversity in drawing overall conclusions. It highlights the necessity of rigorously designed interventions in future studies and provides valuable insights into the effective and broader application of digital tools in elementary music education.

The digital revolution has established worldwide connectivity, enabled by smartphones, social media, and instant communication technologies 1. The advantages of being connected do not negate the hidden mental health effects of this continuous connection 2. Young people are experiencing increasing levels of anxiety, depression, and loneliness at an alarming rate. Serious damage to emotional health stems from the pervasive information overload and social envy people experience through their constant online connection 3. The constant state of hyper-connectivity creates an information overload that demands continual accessibility from all users, every hour of each day. The initial benefits of social media networks in fostering emotional connections have turned into statistics that link users more strongly to social isolation and emotional decline 4. Data indicates that individuals who spend more than three hours daily on social media face a 60% higher likelihood of developing anxiety or depressive symptoms 5. Through a controlled presentation of online content, users make harmful and incorrect comparisons, leading to feelings of inadequacy that particularly affect younger users 6. Today's main problem is the increasingly unclear boundary between our real lives and our online existence. Cell phones, coupled with work emails, create a never-ending business cycle that prevents people from finding proper disconnection from technology. People experience escalating burnout due to their reliance on digital communication in jobs that depend on it 7. A study that conducted in-depth interviews with the 41 work-from-home employees demonstrated that there were blurred boundaries between professional and personal life among participants. They reported the spectrum of emotional exhaustion, inability to ‘log off,’ and the excessive use of digital platforms even on evenings and weekends. People cannot disengage from digital commitments, reducing their time for rest, human connection, and reflective thinking 8. Online platforms use dopamine-driven design strategies that foster behavioral addiction among users. The website user interface, with its endless feeds, notification alerts, and personalized recommendations, serves to maintain ongoing engagement, drawing users toward addiction. Endless device usage disrupts sleep cycles, increases mental distress, and diminishes emotional control. Exposure to screens before bedtime reduces melatonin production by 55% (±20.1%), according to sleep specialists, which causes sleep disturbances that negatively affect both mental function and mood patterns 9. The mental health challenges faced by young people exist far above other population groups. Adolescents in the digital age experience amplified peer pressure and body image concerns due to social networks, and they also face cyberbullying in their electronic environment. Extensive research on social media usage across 75 studies established how increased digital presence has been correlated to the increasing issue of depression and anxiety in children, teenagers, and young adults10. Digital-native generations depend heavily on virtual recognition, so their emotional behavior becomes unstable without it. Modern technology connectivity has led to an unexpected situation where people with more digital connections feel lonelier than ever before. Genuine emotional interactions happen less frequently as social relationships shift entirely into the Digital Realm. The World Health Organization identifies loneliness as a growing public health issue, which ranks alongside smoking and obesity in significance 11. The pervasive social isolation intensifies because digital habits undermine face-to-face human interactions. Digital technology serves as a mental health support tool if healthcare providers navigate its implementation with consideration. People now access mental healthcare through accessible mental health apps, teletherapy platforms, and digital support groups as substitutes for standard therapy 12. These tools protect identity, cost-effectiveness, and convenient access, particularly for people located far from cities. Since 2020, the usage of Head space and Calm applications has experienced a rise exceeding 95% while providing people with guided meditation sessions and stress-relief exercises 13. AI-based platforms are designing customized mental health plans, but privacy-related questions and care quality uncertainties persist regarding their approach 14. The core problem stems from both excessive and improper use of digital tools, particularly in cases involving work and social media. The actual resolution of mental health problems in the hyper-connected era requires society-wide transformation. All citizens should learn to manage screen time and establish usage limitations to detect symptoms of digital fatigue 7. Employers, educators, and policy-makers must work together to establish environments that support digital balance, which surpasses the current punitive workplace atmosphere. The French "right to disconnect" law provides other nations with an example of how they may implement similar workers' protection measures 15. The digital revolution, which brought undeniably welcome changes in communication and data retrieval, has also introduced a hidden mental health crisis into society. Modern psychological stress grows steadily as individuals face digital overload, unattainable social norms, and do not spend enough time away from technology. The digital revolution requires an immediate focus on mental health protection because society keeps advancing into digital environments. People can regain emotional health in this hyper connected world through a combination of awareness building and healthier digital habits, and technology solutions that follow ethical standards.

In chronic urticaria (CU) and recurrent angioedema (RAE), the need for effective treatment is high. The goals are for patients to have no signs and symptoms, normal quality of life (QoL), and complete disease control. Disease activity is assessed using scores such as the urticaria and the angioedema activity scores, that is, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) that rely on the daily documentation, by patients, of wheals and itch and of angioedema, respectively. This is complemented by the regular assessment of QoL and disease control with suitable PROMs, for example, the urticaria control test (UCT) or the angioedema control test (AECT).1 Apps are ideally suited for documentation of the patients' daily signs and symptoms and regular assessments of their QoL and disease control. Apps can also help to identify relevant triggers (eg, stress and infections), consequences (eg, sleep impairment, missing work, or school), and comorbidities, a major need in CU and RAE. Moreover, apps can optimize treatment by individualizing therapy in order to reach goals. However, the availability and functionality of apps for the self-evaluation of CU and RAE are unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we developed and applied an automatic search algorithm for self-evaluation apps for CU and RAE in Apple App and Google Play stores. We used the methods that we had previously applied to asthma and anaphylaxis.2 The search was performed in July 2021 (Figure 1). Briefly, we first designed the search algorithm to include seven search terms, each in three languages, that is, English, German, and Spanish (Table S1), then used the algorithm to search the app stores in 16 countries (Table S2), and finally assessed the apps identified for eligibility, that is, helping patients to track their signs and symptoms and manage their disease, by integrating information on triggers, consequences, comorbidities, and/or treatment. Our manual search, performed in parallel, used the same search terms, app stores, languages, countries, and eligibility criteria (Table 1). The apps were then assessed for their availability, functions, and features. N = 22a a routine dental cleaning, other dental procedure, medical procedure, minor injury or prolonged physical pressure, infection/illness, taking birth control, menstrual period, menopause, being pregnant, fatigue, being on hormone replacement therapy, food or non-alcoholic beverages, stress, anger/frustration, lack of sleep, medication, alcohol, sadness/depression, constipation, anxiety, weather Others (can be entered) Impact of attack School/work days missed N = 7b b androgens, antifibrinolytics, C1-inhibitor intravenously; C1-Inhibitor subcutaneously, progesterone, clinical study drug (can be typed in), lanadelumab regular N = 16c c berinert, cinryze, ruconest, heagarda, kalbitor, firazyr, corticosteroids, antihistamines, clinical trial study drug (can be typed in), narcotic pain medicine, non-narcotic pain medicine, intravenous fluids, additional androgens, additional antifibrinolytics, fresh frozen plasma, epinephrine on demand Others (can be entered) N = 9d d stress, trauma, surgical procedures, contraceptives, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, dental work, viral infections, hormone replacement therapy, unknown Others (can be entered) N = 6f f infection, stress, medical or dental procedure, trauma, flue-like symptoms, unknown Others (can be entered) HAE & Me N = 8g g anxiety, stress, minor injury, dental/medical/surgical procedure, fatigue, certain medications, infection, hormonal changes Others (can be entered) N = 9i i scratching, cold, sun, pressure, exercise, heat, alcohol, allergies, unknown. Others (can be entered) Our automatic and manual searches both identified the same nine apps for CU and/or RAE self-evaluation (Table 1): (a) four for hereditary angioedema (HAE), that is, Advance HAE, HAERO, myHAE, and HAE & me, none of which allow for tracking of wheals or itch, and (b) five for CU, that is, TARGET My Hives, UrCare, UrticariApp, and SymTrac™ HIVES (Table 1). All apps can be used to document signs and symptoms, an inclusion criterion of our search. Of the nine apps, six allowed for the documentation of triggers, three for PROM-based disease-driven impact, six for treatment, and one for disease control. Only one app was available in more than two languages, and none covered comorbidities or provided individualized advice (Table 1). Our findings demonstrate that currently available iOS/Android apps for the self-evaluation of CU and RAE are very limited in number, function, and geographical reach, and that none cover comorbidities. Use of the same approach in asthma and anaphylaxis showed very similar results. The results of the UCARE CURICT study demonstrated that most CU patients, especially those with higher education and in rural areas, are interested in the use of digital tools for their health care.3, 4 Clearly, better apps are needed and wanted. Taken together, we identified a major unmet need in CU and RAE: that of the lack of suitable apps for patients to (a) self-evaluate their disease activity, impact, and control, (b) improve the self-management of their condition by recognizing important triggers of exacerbation, comorbidities, and consequences of their disease, and (c) optimize their therapy including allergic comorbidities. Novel apps that allow patients to do this are needed globally. Such apps are expected to improve the management of CU and RAE and may also serve as important tools for CU and RAE research. Dr. Antó has nothing to disclose. Rasmus Maurer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gimenez-Arnau reports grants and personal fees from Uriach Pharma, grants, personal fees and other from NOVARTIS PHARMA, personal fees from SANOFI - REGENERON, personal fees from AMGEN, grants and personal fees from GSK, personal fees from THERMO FISHER, personal fees from ALMIRALL, grants from CARLOS III FEWDER, personal fees from AVENE, personal fees and other from LEO, outside the submitted work. Dr. Cherrez-Ojeda reports grants from Universidad Espiritu Santo, personal fees from Sanofi, outside the submitted work. Dr. Hawro has nothing to disclose. Dr. Magerl reports personal fees and non-financial support from Shire / Takeda, personal fees and non-financial support from CSL Behring, personal fees from Pharming, personal fees and non-financial support from Biocryst, personal fees from Kalvista, personal fees from Octapharma, personal fees from Novartis, outside the submitted work. Dr. Metz reports personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Sanofi, personal fees from Celldex, personal fees from Moxie, personal fees from Pharvaris, outside the submitted work. Dr. Weller reports personal fees from Biocryst, personal fees from Moxie, grants and personal fees from Novartis, grants and personal fees from Takeda, outside the submitted work. Dr. Zuberbier reports personal fees from Bayer Health Care, personal fees from FAES, grants and personal fees from Novartis, grants and personal fees from Henkel, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from AbbVie, personal fees from ALK, personal fees from Almirall, personal fees from Astellas, personal fees from Bayer Health Care, personal fees from Bencard, personal fees from Berlin Chemie, personal fees from FAES, personal fees from HAL, personal fees from Leti, personal fees from Meda, personal fees from Menarini, personal fees from Merck, personal fees from MSD, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Sanofi, personal fees from Stallergenes, personal fees from Takeda, personal fees from Teva, personal fees from UCB, personal fees from Henkel, personal fees from Kryolan, personal fees from L'Oréal, outside the submitted work; and Organizational affiliations: Commitee member: WHO-Initiative "Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma" (ARIA) Member of the Board: German Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI) Head: European Centre for Allergy Research Foundation (ECARF) President: Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN) Member: Committee on Allergy Diagnosis and Molecular Allergology, World Allergy Organization (WAO). Dr. Bousquet reports personal fees from Chiesi, Cipla, Hikma, Menarini, Mundipharma, Mylan, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Takeda, Teva, Uriach, other from KYomed, MASK-air, outside the submitted work. Dr. Maurer reports grants and personal fees from Allakos, personal fees from Aralez, grants from ArgenX, grants from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Celldex, grants and personal fees from CSL Behring, grants and personal fees from FAES, grants and personal fees from Genentech, grants from Innate Pharma, personal fees from Kalvista, grants and personal fees from Kyowa Kirin, grants from Leo Pharma, grants from Lilly, grants and personal fees from Menarini, grants and personal fees from Moxie, grants and personal fees from Novartis, grants from Roche, grants and personal fees from Sanofi/Regeneron, grants and personal fees from Shire/Takeda, grants and personal fees from UCB, grants and personal fees from Uriach, outside the submitted work. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

The increasing number of people suffering from Alzheimer's disease raises the question of their caring at home, especially when the disease causes disability and negative consequences in daily life such as isolation, falls, wandering, errors in drug taking. Furthermore, caregivers bear a substantial burden that can have adverse effects on their physical and mental health. New technologies of information could play an additional role as care providers without substituting family or professional caregivers help. A review of literature focused on the different technological solutions conceived for patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease and their carers shows that these appliances could help to provide reminders in daily life (drugs, tasks and appointments, meals cooking), to activate residual cognitive resources by computerized cognitive stimulation intervention, to reduce stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients by visual contact with families and professionals (webconference), to contribute to patients safety by detecting falls and wandering, and to help families in the caring of patients with computerized information and counselling interventions. We also discuss the current limitations for a widespread use of these technologies and outline future research avenues. True needs of end-users are still poorly known and should be more clearly defined. Simplicity of the use of these appliances should be further improved. Demonstration of medical and social benefits for elderly people should be carried out in randomized, controlled studies. Ethical reflexion should be developed in conjunction with the use of these gerontechnologies. Finally, the economical model which would enable the providing of these appliances to the largest number of patients and caregivers should be implemented. Although these gerontechnologies are promising, research is still needed to tailor them properly to the needs of end-users, assess their benefit in ecological context of people with Alzheimer's disease in order to provide them with appropriate tools in daily life.

本研究旨在瞭解Web 2.0應用於大學生課程相關學習活動之情形，以及大學生對於相關應用之看法。具體而言，本研究之目的為探討：1. 大學生Web 2.0工具之課程相關學習活動應用行為，2. 大學生Web 2.0日常與學習活動使用行為關聯，3.大學生對Web 2.0應用於課程相關學習活動之態度與看法。本研究採半結構式深度訪談法，訪談對象為21位國立臺灣大學之大學部學生，所有訪談對象皆擁有Web 2.0工具課程相關學習活動使用經驗。除透過訪談問題來了解大學生之Web 2.0學習活動使用行為與看法，本研究另設計受訪者基本資料調查表以蒐集及分析受訪者之基本資料、應用之Web 2.0工具類型與使用頻率資料。 研究結果顯示，大學生在課程相關學習活動中應用廣泛的工具類型。以多媒體分享服務、社群網站、Wikis與課程管理平台等工具最為普遍；課程教師、日常使用習慣與同儕則是影響大學生學習活動工具應用的主要因素。在學習活動中，大學生主要應用Web 2.0工具於小組合作、作業呈現、資料查找、獲取與分享，且以資訊取用為主，甚少參與內容創造。此外，大學生在日常生活中亦使用多元化的Web 2.0工具，其中以部落格、多媒體分享服務、線上溝通工具、社群網站與Wikis最受青睞。日常使用Web 2.0工具之主要影響因素為日常網路瀏覽行為、同儕與教師。大學生日常應用Web 2.0之方式多元，資料查找、儲存與分享、溝通聯繫與休閒娛樂是主要的使用方式，惟日常使用Web 2.0工具仍以資訊取用為主，較少貢獻資訊內容。研究結果也顯示，大學生Web 2.0工具之日常使用與學習活動應用會交互影響，但日常使用之影響力較為明顯。 本研究也發現，大學生認為應用Web 2.0工具於學習活動之優點為：有助於人際溝通聯繫、小組合作、資料查找、分享，以及學習方式與工具多元化；但容易分心、線上溝通效率不佳、人際疏離、資料品質與設備問題等則為其缺點。整體而言，大學生認同運用Web 2.0工具於學習活動，但應適當地使用；而且教師應選擇學生常用的工具，或結合多項工具使用，並善用Web 2.0工具的優點；同時，大學生認為教師應視課程性質與需求運用Web 2.0工具，並主動參與及帶領、鼓勵學生使用。 基於研究結果，本研究分別針對大學教師與高等教育機構提出建議。首先，大學教師應依據課程性質與授課需求適度將Web 2.0工具融入教學活動，並於應用之初即明確告知學生工具運用之目的及所欲達成之教學目標，讓學生有所依循。再者，大學教師應了解並應用學生日常慣用的Web 2.0工具輔助教學，以提高學生的工具使用意願；最後，由於本研究發現即使是學習活動應用，大學生仍甚少參與Web 2.0工具之內容貢獻，故建議大學教師應主動參與並帶領學生應用Web 2.0工具，帶動學生參與內容貢獻之風氣。而高等教育機構方面，本研究建議參考或結合現有Web 2.0工具改善課程管理平台，創新運用學生已然熟悉的工具於課程活動；同時，高等教育機構也應鼓勵教師應用Web 2.0工具輔助教學，吸引學生參與課程，提升學習效率。

In an article on the topic of art history discipline, the forms and directions of including digital tools in the educational process. For the art historical disciplinary, the emphasis is on working with visual and verbal texts, focusing on the development of skills, analysis of various sources, professional writing and mastery of rhetoric, professional reading skills, critical assessment of sources, understanding the context of the creation of both one’s own art and their critical accompaniment. This needs to be considered when incorporating online learning elements into higher education courses using digital platforms. The introduction of slot machine forms and the importance of communication with the original source, skills in understanding the visual artifact, combined with the use of digital copies and working with originals. The use of digital tools to create exercises may include elements of gamification, but should be didactically justified, and their development should not contain restrictions. Also, students and teachers of humanities often require additional training courses on working with software, technical support and supervisor support. This also applies to the use of digital information tools, which are gradually shaping the individualization of learning (platforms, social networks, chat bots). The 20th Century Fashion: Art and Industry course examines the prospects and features of reverse instructional design in online continuing education courses.

This study examined whether requiring undergraduate college nonmusic majors, enrolled in a music fundamentals course, to own a keyboard would enhance their keyboard skills. The course included instruction in reading notation, singing and keyboard skills. There were two groups. One group (experimental) owned keyboards and had them accessible at their homes for practice, while the other group (contact-control) had to check out keyboards for use in the music building. Students' keyboard skills were tested three times. There was no significant difference in keyboard performance data between groups. There was also no significant difference in overall student achievement, which included music reading, singing, rhythm accuracy and keyboard skills. While one might assume that students having ready access to their own keyboard at home would increase the likelihood of practice and therefore enhance their keyboard performance, as well as other music skills, that was not the case in this study.

Introduction: Computer becomes a highly used and essential tool in daily life. This also applies to occupational level. However, there are risk factors in using the computer within daily life while working, one of them is the posture while working in front of computer. Due to the risk factors, computer workers develop complaint in upper extremities, but they tend to ignore it. The complaint silently decreases their life quality, efficiency, and productivity. This study aimed to find the correlation between human posture and musculoskeletal disorder (MSD). Methods: This was an observational analytic study, using total sampling technique. The subjects were the computer workers in Indonesian State Owned Enterprises in Surabaya. They were given NMQ for mapping the distribution of complaint. Observational sheets were provided to assess the human posture using NERPA Assessment Worksheet. Spearman’s rank method was used to observe the correlation between human posture and MSD. Result: 112 chosen subjects were involved. Human posture showed large correlation with MSD. This was calculated using alpha value 0.05 for the significance. Conclusion: There is a correlation between human posture and MSD among computer workers at Indonesian State Owned Enterprises in Surabaya.

Mishkeegogamang First Nation is a rural Ojibway community in Northwestern Ontario. Mishkeegogamang community members of all ages use a wide array of information and communication technologies (ICT) as tools in daily life, and as a means to support individual and community goals. This collaborative paper tells the story of how Mishkeegogamang uses ICT for community development, drawing on 17 interviews with community members, and several community member profiles. A basic descriptive quantitative analysis is also provided, giving information on frequency of use of a wide variety of technologies. Community informatics theory guides the interpretation of the findings. A broad range of ICT use by community members will be explored, including the Mishkeegogamang website, the busy yet invisible use of social networking sites, youth and ICT, ICT for health and education, and ICT to support traditional activities. Finally, a section on challenges and needs for facilitating ICT use is also provided. Mishkeegogamang has collaborated on a rich chronicle of its land and people in the Mishkeegogamang book: The Land, the People, and the Purpose (Heinrichs, Hiebert, & The People of Mishkeegogamang, 2009). This paper is conceptualised as a new chapter, documenting how community members use ICT in their daily lives and for community development. There have been no similar past explorations that have addressed this area. In addition, within the broader literature on First Nations in Canada, there have been few to no published accounts of community members’ perspectives and uses of ICT. This study is part of a broader collaborative research project called (First Nations Innovation), which explores how remote and rural First Nations are using information and communication technologies for community development.