The Development of Philosophical Thought in the Greek Colonies on the Territory of Ukraine (the Case of Olbia)

The condition of teeth in ancient populations living on the territory of Ukraine has been little studied. The aim of the work is to study the dental status of the 15th century Nogais, and to carry out a comparative analysis of the data obtained with the state of the dento-jaw system of medieval populations that lived on the territory of modern Ukraine in the 9th – early 15th centuries. The object of the study was 48 Nogai skeletons (main group) and 118 representatives of medieval cultures (control group). The research method was a method for analyzing the skeletal tissue of ancient people, developed by the authors. The prevalence and intensity of caries, the prevalence of dento-jaw anomalies, dental calculus and periodontal diseases were studied. Statistical analysis was performed using the Pearson χ2 test. It was found that the prevalence of dental caries in the main group is lower than in the control group (18.75 % and 37.28 % respectively, p<0.05). It was also found that this indicator significantly differed in men of both groups (p<0.05), while in women it did not differ (p>0.1). It was found that in the main group, compared with the control group, the frequency of primary adentia was higher (16.67 % and 6.68 % respectively, p<0.05), but the prevalence of anomalies in the position of individual teeth and occlusion was lower (4.17 % and 21.18 % respectively, p<0.05,). It was found that the prevalence of dental calculus in the main group is two times higher than in the control group (89.50 % and 41.0 % respectively, p<0.0001). Also, 15.0 % of Nogai men showed a decrease in the height of the alveolar process of the jaws, which is characteristic of periodontitis; in women, such changes were not found due to the low average age of survival. Thus, the 15th century Nogai population had a lower prevalence of caries and dento-maxillary anomalies than the medieval populations that lived on the territory of modern Ukraine in the 9th – early 15th centuries.

The preconditions for the formation of statehood and law on the territory of modern Ukraine in ancient times are analyzed. The place and role of ancient states and the right to the territory of Ukraine in the centuries-old history of nation-building are determined. Emphasis is placed on the fact that in the first millennium BC, the lands of modern Ukraine were inhabited by various ethnic communities, peoples, tribes, waves of numerous nomads who came into contact with each other, influenced economic, social, cultural development, including the early Slavic population of the Middle Dnieper. It is shown that an important role in this process of mutual influence and enrichment was played by the state formations that were formed at this time on the territory of Ukraine: the Scythian state, the Greek city-states of the Northern Black Sea coast, the Bosporus Kingdom. It is noted that stable economic and political relations between these state centers and militant steppes, as well as farmers of the Ukrainian Polissya and Forest-Steppe arose and developed, which in turn required legal regulation of civil and other legal relations. It is emphasized that at that time the elements of norms and institutions of legal regulation of civil, criminal and procedural relations are emerging and developing. An important place in the formation of legal regulation of social relations in the Ukrainian lands in the period under study was played by the highly developed Roman private law at that time. It is substantiated that a significant place in the history of the development of statehood and law on the territory of modern Ukraine in ancient times was occupied by the Slavs, who were first mentioned in written sources at the turn of our era. They were indigenous to Eastern Europe and lived here in the Early Iron Age. However, in historical sources of the time they were called Scythians. Yet, some researchers believe that the Scythians were Slavs. From the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, the Slavs appear in written sources under the name of the Venetians. According to the ancient authors, the Venetians occupied lands in the Vistula basin, from the northern slopes of the Carpathians to the Baltic, and were neighbors of the Germanic, Sarmatian and Finnish tribes. The entire northern and western parts of modern Ukraine at that time were inhabited by Slavic (Venetian) tribes. A bit later, along with the Venetians, two new names for written Slavs appeared in written sources: Antes and Sclaveni. Although the meaning and origin of these terms are still unclear, they are the first to reflect the division of the Slavs into Western (Sclaveni) and Eastern (Antes). The latter lived on lands between the Dnieper and the Dniester, their territory also covered the Left Bank of the Dnieper. In fact, researchers consider Antes-Slavs to be the first reliable ancestors of Ukrainians. Thus, a well-known ethnologist and archaeologist, professor with a world authority U.V. Shcherbakovsky (1856–1957) believed that the name «antes» was called a group of Ukrainian tribes, and the Antes, according to M. Hrushevsky (natives of Trypillia tribes), were the ancestors of Ukrainians. The process of state formation of the Ants did not find its end. The Slavic-Avar wars, in which the Antes took an active part, led to the beginning of the 7th century. before the collapse of the Antes state. Under the blows of the Avars, the state of Antes ceased to exist in 602. It is noted that the most active state-building processes in the Ukrainian lands in the early Middle Ages took place in the 8th – 9th centuries which resulted in the formation of the Kyivan-Rus’ state – Ukraine-Rus’ with its center in Kyiv.

The question of the system of punishments, their adequacy to the crimes committed has become important today. Discussion of this issue is important not only for Ukraine but also for most countries of the world. This changes the view of both the crimes themselves and their assessment. The institution responsible for the execution of sentences imposed under the legislation currently being modernized in Ukraine is called the penitentiary service. Its operation and effectiveness often depend not only on global rules, codes and practices, but also on local traditions in the penitentiary system and their enforcement. Certain crimes of a moral and ethical nature are difficult to assess in terms of legal norms, and at different times may not be considered as crimes. The study of these traditions actualizes the historical experience that needs to be studied, in particular on the territory of Ukraine, in such organizations as Cossack societies and Cossack troops. These were paramilitary structures that have clearly defined rights, responsibilities, a system of punishment and their execution. However, even in these structures there were deviations from national rules. In this regard, the objectives of our publication is to show, on the example of one archival case, the causes of crimes, their nature and form, the figures of prosecuted Cossacks, punishments and their implementation that existed in real life of the Cossacks, one of the last Cossacks formations of the XIX century on the territory of modern Ukraine - the Danube (Novorossiysk) army.It was ascertained that the organization that considered the violations and served as a court in the Danube Cossack Army was a commission of the Military Court. It was determined that the main reasons for the lawsuits were the Cossacks' protests against the arbitrariness and abuse of officers and military officials, which manifested themselves in runaways, complaints, and so on. In some case, Officers and Cossacks were also the subject to trial for drunkenness and violation of moral and ethical norms.

The article deals with the issue of the peculiarities of the legal regulation of commodity and monetary relations that existed in the cities and settlements subordinate to the Genoese Republic, which were located on the territory of modern Ukraine, in particular on its currently occupied lands, during the 13th – 15th centuries. Special emphasis is placed on the analysis of the relevant norms contained in the text of the Charter for the Genoese colonies in the Black Sea of 1449. The article consistently describes the legal foundations of the formation and evolution of the Genoese colonies in the Northern Black Sea region, the specifics of local money circulation and the characteristic features of the normative regulation of commodity-money relations reflected in the 1449 Charter. Particular attention is paid to the legal regulation of slave trade, which acted as an object of commodity-money relations. The author came to the conclusion that during the investigated period, a set of norms was gradually formed in the northern Black Sea colonies of the Republic of St. George that regulated commodity and monetary relations. Moreover, in the middle of the 15th century, collections of legal norms acted as sources of such law in addition to legal customs – first of all, the Charter for the Genoese colonies in the Black Sea of 1449, which, with certain reservations, may be considered the germ of a code. At the same time, a characteristic feature of the law of the Genoese colonies was that its basis was not the norms of local origin, but those that were transferred onto local soil from the metropolis and adapted to specific local conditions. Attention is drawn to the fact that during the Middle Ages, the law of the population of southern Ukrainian lands was significantly influenced by the law of other states, and in the future, some of the introduced norms were, with certain changes due to local specifics, adopted and reflected in customary law, and in some places also in legislation widespread on the territory of Ukraine at a later time.

Nowadays the Ukrainian legal doctrine of law is lacked of adequate analyzes of the legal regime of lands of water fund in its historical context. This issue becomes more urgent with the necessity to interpret the value of these categories of land and their effective use. In this regard, it is necessary to analyze the legislation that had been in force on the territory of modern Ukraine in different historical periods, including times of staying under the Russian Empire jurisdiction. And it is important to distinguish the issues relating to the legal regulation of the water fund lands (in its modern sense). Analysis of recent researches and publications. The importance of issues raised in the article influenced on the choice of the subject, some aspects of which being discussed in the works of such representatives of law of the land science as L. I. Dembo, A. P. Hetman, I. I. Karakash, R. I. Marusenko, A. M. Miroshnichenko, A. A. Pogrebnoy, N. V. Shulga and others. The object of the article is to analyze the legislation of Ukrainian lands during its staying under the Russian Empire jurisdiction, and also to distinguish the issues relating to the legal regulation of the water fund lands (in its modern sense). The main part. The issue of forming of the legal regime of lands of water fund (in its modern sense) during Ukrainian lands staying under the Russian Empire jurisdiction had been examined and as a result, the provisions relating the legal regulation of this category of land were distinguished. A distinctive feature of that period is focus on coastal waters and land protection, the negative influence of water control that had been fixed in law for the first time ever. During this period there had been attempts to synthesize water legislation, irrigation and reclamation (drainage and irrigation of land) had actively been developed, the need for common use waters and coastal zones had been recognized. In our opinion, at this time there had been laid the backgrounds for distinguishing of lands of water fund into a separate category for appropriate water bodies’ protection. Conclusions of the research. Based on these considerations, it can be stated that the period of staying under Russian Empire jurisdiction had a significant influence on the formation of legal regulation of land water resources in its modern sense on the territory of Ukraine and it can be distinguished as a separate legal regime of lands of water fund of Ukraine.

Метою статті є проведення історико-правового аналізу порядку правового регулювання злочинів та покарань проти основ національної безпеки (держави) з моменту становлення радянської влади і в перші роки розвитку радянської правової системи.

The article considers the influence of various factors on the state of the trade union movement in Ukraine. The place and role of trade unions in the socio-political life of Ukraine, changes in the strategy and tactics of Ukrainian trade unions in accordance with the political and socio-economic situation in Ukraine are determined. Peculiarities of development of legislation on trade unions on the territory of Ukraine taking into account the political and legal system of a historical period are considered. The article pays special attention to the stages of formation and genesis of the trade union movement on the modern territory of Ukraine, which includes:the first stage—the emergence of the trade union movement on the territory of modern Ukraine; the second stage—the development of the trade union movement in the tsarist period of the Russian Empire;the third stage—trade union movement during the Soviet regime; the fourth stage—trade unions during independence of Ukraine.A number of theoretical conceptions, generalizations and authors’ conclusions are formulated allowing us to comprehensively assess the role and activity of the trade unions of Ukraine, their influence on the economic and social policy.

The article is devoted to the evolution of procedures for resolving disputes between separated parents regarding the determination of the place of residence of their child(ren). The article reflects the peculiarities of resolving disputes between parents concerning children, which took place at the main historical stages in the territory of modern Ukraine. The author emphasizes the necessity of using historical and legal experience in the regulation of family relations and resoling family conflicts. The author reiterates that historical and legal analysis of family relations` regulation and the development of the procedure for resolving family disputes is carried out with the aim of understanding and applying historical and legal experience, identifying the main basis of views in Ukrainian society on the fundamental provisions on which relationship between parents and children are based, as well as a legal procedure of determination of the child's place of residence. The article shows main features of the judiciary and the resolving disputes regarding the determination of the child's place of residence, which correspond to different historical periods from Scythia to the reсоvery of Ukraine's independence at the present stage. In particular, attention was paid to the periods of existence of the patriarchal and matriarchal order in the family life, the development of the rights of the child, the discovery of his interests, the development of the court system and civil judiciary. It is proposed to single out the stages of evolution of the rules of civil procedure and standards of family law, which regulated and still regulate the procedure of the determination of the place of residence of a minor child on the territory of Ukraine.

A retrospective analysis of the organizational and legal provision of the work with confidents on the territory of modern Ukraine in the Soviet period has been carried out. Normative and legal regulation of the work with confidents during the reign of various Soviet leaders has been outlined. The experimental approaches in the work with secret apparatus, which were used in the 20s of the XX century in the Soviet state, have been revealed. The provision of the principle of offensive and conspiracy in the work of the agents of that time has been outlined. Some organizational and tactical methods of the work with confidents in different years have been revealed, their common and distinctive features have been singled out. The classification of secret apparatus by the categories in different periods of time has been provided. The serious influence of the personalities of the leaders of the Soviet state on the development of the system of secret work in general and the work with confidents, in particular, has been noted. The author has emphasized on the normative and methodological basis of the work with confidents during Stalinist times against the opponents of the regime; the author has noted the wide use of political search. The mechanism of ensuring safety of confidents has been revealed. The peculiarities of the work with confidents in the thaw and standstill periods have been studied. The disadvantages and advantages of the work with secret apparatus during certain time intervals have been outlined. The influence of the development of the science of operative and search activity on the system of secret work and its agent component has been also outlined. It has been stated that during the entire period of the existence of Soviet power the work with confidents was exclusively regulated by normative and legal acts of limited access and had a clear ideological basis. Only after Ukraine gained independence there were references in open normative and legal acts about the work with confidents, in particular, in laws and regulations. Some examples have been provided. The influence of the Soviet school of operative and search activity on law enforcement systems of the countries of the Socialist camp has been noted.

Purpose of the study. The purpose of the work is a comprehensive study of the local history of the main trends in the historical development and the current state of the Jewish community in the city of Bila Tserkva. Research methodology. It is based on a combination of historical and geographical approaches using the methods of local history analysis and synthesis of secondary information. Research results. The Jewish people, who lived on the territory of modern Ukraine, for a long time were subjected to oppression and persecution. Since the era of Bohdan Khmelnitsky and until the fall of the Soviet Union, various restrictions and prohibitions were imposed on the ethnos under study. Despite this, the territory of the Ukrainian state became home to many Jewish generations: shtetls were created everywhere, dynasties of Hasidic tzaddiks were formed, and the like. One of the places that has undergone a significant influence of the activities of the Jewish community is the city of Bila Tserkva. This work reflects the main milestones in the formation and development of the Jewish community in the Bila Tserkva, identifies the main factors that influenced the system of settlement of the people in the city. On the basis of literary sources, including the works of O. Starodub, S. Burlaka, E. Chernetsky, the connections of the studied people with the toponymy of the city, which over the centuries took root in its system, were analyzed. In addition, the influence of the Jewish ethnos on the formation of a modern architectural ensemble was revealed, in particular the buildings of the Market Square, the choral synagogue, the city hospital, etc. This work also reveals the special role of the cemetery as an ethnocultural attribute of the town. The study also highlights current trends in the development of the Jewish community in the city: an analysis of its activities, its main social programs and relationships is carried out. Scientific novelty. During the times of the Soviet Union, full-fledged studies of the characteristics of the life of the Jewish people on the territory of Ukraine were almost not carried out, especially little attention was paid to the local history analysis of local settlements. Since independence, the number of such works has increased significantly, however, there are still significant blank spots. In this work, for the first time, a comprehensive study of the Jewish community of the Bila Tserkva is carried out. Disclosed, previously unknown aspects of local history, and the peculiarities of the life of the ethnic group in the conditions of modern Ukraine. Practical significance. The results of this work can be used for further regional studies of the Bila Tserkva region and Porosya, and as important materials for studying the characteristics of the life of the Jewish population in Ukraine. In addition, the publication can draw attention to the current state of Jewish communities, the degree of preservation of objects of the spiritual and material heritage of the people.

The article is devoted to the study of the process of formation of the right to judicial protection on the territory of Ukraine during the 9th–14th centuries. The authors established that during the emergence of statehood on the territory of modern Ukraine, a single and universal court for all social strata did not exist, and the institution of the court was not separated from other public authorities. At the beginning of the XI century through judicial reform, all courts were divided into public (state) and church. Public courts included princely, secular and public courts, while the system of ecclesiastical courts was made up of relevant instances at monasteries, dioceses and other church institutions. The jurisdiction of public courts extended to the entire free population of the state, except for the clergy. The authors draw attention to the fact that the jurisdiction of the princely court formally extended to the entire population of the state, but de facto it considered cases where at least one of the parties were representatives of the feudal nobility of that time. Therefore, representatives of the highest social strata could fully exercise the right to judicial protection in the princely court. Under certain conditions, the right to judicial protection in the princely court could be exercised by representatives of all strata of the population (except personally dependent), but in such cases, the princely court probably acted as an appellate authority regarding decisions made primarily by public courts. The authors conclude that only the prince and the city community could exercise the right to judicial protection in the peer court. The most authoritative judicial institution among the population was the public court, and the right to legal protection could be exercised by all residents of the community without exception within the so-called «judicial district» (territory of the parish). In church courts, the clergy had a comprehensive right to appeal to the court of the local church hierarch or the metropolitan court. The secular population could exercise their right to judicial protection in the courts of ecclesiastical jurisdiction by appealing to the court of the local church hierarch.

The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the main historical narratives of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC), to fi nd out the interpretations of Ukrainian history as the ideological basis of Russian geopolitics of the integration of the post-Soviet space and the incorporation of Ukraine, to show the use of the historical policy of the ROC as an argument for the legitimization of the war against Ukraine. Th e methodological foundation of the research is the principles of objectivity, historicism, systematicity, and comprehensiveness. The methods of analysis and synthesis as well as problem-chronological, historical-genetic, and historical- comparative methods have been used. Th e scientifi c novelty lies in the fact that, for the fi rst time, the article examines the problem of the Russian Orthodox Church’s use of historical policy to form an ideological basis for the implementation of the neo-imperial geopolitical doctrine of the absorption of Ukraine by Russia. Conclusions. Th e ideologues of the original “Russian civilization” and “Russian world” are used as the theoretical foundation of Russian foreign policy towards Ukraine and as a rationale for the current geopolitical confrontation with the Western world. Th e historical policy of the Russian Orthodox Church is based on the promotion of the interconnected concepts of “Holy Rus”, “historical Rus”, and “historical Russia”, which imply the large civilizational space of the “Russian world”, of which Ukraine is an integral part. Th e importance of Ukraine in the historiosophical constructions of the Russian Orthodox Church is determined by the fact that the origins of Russian Orthodox spirituality and statehood are connected with the territory of modern Ukraine. Therefore, together with the Kremlin, the Russian Orthodox Church implements the neo-imperial geopolitical project of “the Russkiy Mir (“the Russian World”), aimed at restoring the Russian superpower and integrating the post-So- viet space”. Its ideological foundation is the historical-religious concept of “Holy Russia”, which implies the absorption of Ukraine by Russia. The claims of the Russian Orthodox Church about the entry of Ukraine into “historical Rus” and, accordingly, into “historical Russia”, the statements about one people, one faith, and a common state, insisting on the canonicality of the Russian Orthodox Church over the terri- tory of Ukraine – all these are the basis of the justifi cation that denies the separate identity of Ukrainians, the legitimacy of the autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, the right to the existence of the Ukrainian state and gives reasons to assert that the common past determines the common future. These arguments have become the rationale for Russian geopolitical expan- sion and aggression against Ukraine.

The article examines the activities of the first preachers of the Gospel in the Northern Black Sea Region, namely among the Scythian population of the ancient Taurida and on the banks of the ancient Dnipro, that is, in the territory of modern Southern Ukraine. The historical development of Christianity in the ancient Greek city-Black Sea colonies – Chersonese, Olbia and others – are the main activities and missionary martyrs of the first centuries of Christianity, namely St. Andrew, Chersonesus bishops martyrs, Pope Clement of Rome and other saints. The article reveals the development of Christianity in the Northern Black Sea Region close to the official Baptism of Ancient lands of the territory of modern Ukraine, when the most favorable time for the spread of Christianity in the territory of Ukraine began. This study also concludes that the Northern Black Sea is still a region where Christianity has appeared since the first century. This happened due to the sermon of St. Andrew and the missionary work of Christian Greek and Roman preachers. Therefore, this land is truly one of the oldest Christian lands in the world and deserves deep attention of modern scholars, because the issue of the beginning of Christianity in the South of Ukraine still has many gaps.

Popular and scholarly appraisals of recently `emerging' democracies often equate privatization and a market economy with self-government. Yet an analysis made 150 years ago by Alexis de Tocqueville of another `new world' - the American democratic experiment - suggests a much deeper foundation of mores, institutions and consciousness must inform self-governing societies. His analysis shows that the individualism and materialism of the current democratic scene may even undermine the foundations of self-government. In contrast to our contemporary understanding of interest calculations as the basis for democracy, Tocqueville finds that religion is chief among American political institutions that maintain liberal democracy. He examines the foundations on which democratic theory and practice depend by studying the `simple ideas' taken from America's religious traditions and their role in public life. He examines the relationship between the teachings of revealed religion - the first law of Torah to love God and to love one's neighbor as oneself, and the Christian belief in an immortal soul - and the consciousness and institutional framework required to avoid `democratic despotism'. This illuminates the ideas that could serve as an ontology for self-governing societies.

History of State and law of Ukraine can be considered as one of the leading academic disciplines for modern lawyers. Its purpose is to familiarize professionals with the historical experience of the development of statehood on the territory of modern Ukraine that directly or indirectly impacts the current status and the quality of the public authority in our country, the relationship between the State and citizens, the situation in Ukraine in the international arena, its image in the world, etc. The role of history of State and law of Ukraine here is mapping the processes of historical evolution of human relationships and the State of modern Ukrainian territory. This includes compliance with State rights, in particular political struggle of people for their rights both peacefully and violently (through armed revolt against the authorities) etc. In this connection, training courses and research on history of State and law of Ukraine should pay significant attention to the evolution of public authorities as a result of the struggle of people for their rights.Thus, the purpose of the article is to cover the history of constitutionalism on the territory of modern Ukraine in premodern period of development of the Ukrainian State and law. The task is to disclose the relationship of history of State and law and constitutional law of Ukraine through the analysis of the content of State legislative acts, which served as constitutions for the population that inhabited Ukrainian lands at that time in various states.Thus, below we specify our findings from the current research and prospects of further research:1. Teaching History of constitutionalism in the training course «History of State and law of Ukraine» must conform to the Constitution of Ukraine as the Main Law of the State and the benchmark for social activities.2. Teaching History of constitutionalism in the training course «History of State and law of Ukraine» gives an opportunity to examine the historical evolution of the idea of the limit and self-restriction of State power in favor of the rights of its citizens. It is not just because of the rich historical tradition of constitutionalism on the territory of modern Ukraine, but due to the ability of our ancestors to live in the conditions of observance to the law and maintenance of order in society and the State by civilized ways.3. The prospects of subsequent scientific researches in this field, to our opinion, are the following: a) research of history of constitutionalism in separate states on the territory of modern Ukraine; b) research of certain problems and periods of history of constitutionalism in Ukraine.