The Development of Data Publishing Tool for Indonesian Open Government Data

Nowadays, governments launch open government data (OGD) portals that provide data that can be accessed and used by everyone for their own needs. Although the potential economic value of open (government) data is assessed in millions and billions, not all open data are reused. Moreover, the open (government) data initiative as well as users’ intent for open (government) data are changing continuously and today, in line with IoT and smart city trends, real-time data and sensor-generated data have higher interest for users. These “smarter” open (government) data are also considered to be one of the crucial drivers for the sustainable economy, and might have an impact on information and communication technology (ICT) innovation and become a creativity bridge in developing a new ecosystem in Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0. The paper inspects OGD portals of 60 countries in order to understand the correspondence of their content to the Society 5.0 expectations. The paper provides a report on how much countries provide these data, focusing on some open (government) data success facilitating factors for both the portal in general and data sets of interest in particular. The presence of “smarter” data, their level of accessibility, availability, currency and timeliness, as well as support for users, are analyzed. The list of most competitive countries by data category are provided. This makes it possible to understand which OGD portals react to users’ needs, Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0 request the opening and updating of data for their further potential reuse, which is essential in the digital data-driven world.

The development of ecosystems around open government data in order to generate social and economic value from them requires on one hand the existence of a critical mass of them and on the other hand some level of homogeneity and interoperability among the numerous portals and websites providing them which enables their combined exploitation. This paper presents the Technical, Semantic, Legal, and Organizational (TSLO) Interoperability Framework, a conceptual tool designed to provide a structured evaluation of the interoperability capabilities of open government data infrastructures. It incorporates the technical, semantic, legal, and organizational aspects of open government data provision, which are crucial for developing interoperability between open data portals and websites, which enables the generation of high levels of social and economic value from them, so it can pave the way for creating open data ecosystems for this purpose. We are then applying this TSLO framework to examine from this perspective the open data infrastructures of the Greek local government administration institutions of all three layers of it (decentralized, regional, and municipal). In particular, we examine the open government data portals and websites of the local Greek governments and provide a detailed analysis of them concerning the fore aspects of the framework. This first application of TSLO reveals not only the low participation of Greek local government institutions in the open data movement, and especially of the municipalities, where only 8 out of 332 municipalities provide open data on their portals or websites but also the inconsistent implementation of this, especially with respect to the use of semantic technologies as well as the legal frameworks under which the open data provided. Finally, we propose the automation of the TSLO framework to facilitate the evaluation and standardization of open local government data infrastructure and expand the study to identify and address barriers to open data provision.

Identifying patterns and recommendations of and for sustainable open data initiatives: A benchmarking-driven analysis of open government data initiatives among European countries

In recent years, the amount of data in the world is growing rapidly. Data growth also occurs in the government sector. All ministries and institutions at every level are data producers. These government‐owned data have a high potential if they can be used properly. Open government data can stimulate innovation and economic growth and enhance business models. In order to increase the willingness of citizens to use open government data and enjoy the benefits mentioned, the quality of open government data needs to be improved. The quality of open government data encompasses a variety of dimensions and criteria. Also, the importance of each dimension and criterion in increasing the quality of open government data is different. Therefore, we are faced with a complex system that requires proper decision‐making and management. In fact, we are dealing with decision‐making in the complex management system. Given the importance of this issue, the purpose of this study is to provide a new and comprehensive method to improve the quality of open government data and increase the willingness of citizens to use the data by considering the complex network of citizens and organizations. For this purpose, library studies have been used to extract comprehensive and effective dimensions and criteria. The statistical population includes all articles related to the criteria of improving the quality of open government data and increasing the willingness of citizens to use the data. The probabilistic sampling method of simple random samples has been used, and 10 articles in this field have been reviewed. After extracting the criteria as well as the data of 112 governmental organizations and institutions related to each criterion from the open data portal, the complex network of citizens and governmental organizations and institutions has been analyzed in order to identify high‐degree centrality organizations. Then, the data characteristics of the organizations that were most desired by the citizens were extracted using data mining techniques including the regression model. Also, field method and multicriteria decision‐making technique including the DEMATEL technique have been used to express the solutions and identify the cause‐and‐effect relationships between the solutions. The criteria extracted in improving the quality of open government data and increasing the willingness of citizens to use the data are included: “data originality,” “license openness,” “up‐to‐datedness,” “data access,” “metadata completeness,” “number of data sets,” “format openness,” “nondiscrimination,” “understandable,” “number of categories of data sets,” “free,” “lack of missing data,” “data request ability,” “visualization,” “feedback,” and “data subject matter.” Based on the results obtained from the analysis of the complex network and the regression model, the criterion of “society subject” with a coefficient of 72.564 and a positive sign has the greatest impact on increasing the number of citizens' visits to open government data. After that, the criterion of “format openness” with a coefficient of 52.682 and a positive sign has the second rank in increasing the number of visits. Extracting comprehensive and effective criteria in improving the quality of open government data and increasing citizens' willingness to use data, calculating the weight and importance of each criterion by analyzing the complex network of citizens and organizations, as well as providing solutions, can help managers in decision‐making and proper management in the complex system of citizens and government organizations.

Governments and researchers traditionally focus on the publication of Open Government Data (OGD), whereas the actual use of the data is often neglected. Open data initiatives are often criticized for not realising the promoted benefits, yet only the use of OGD can result in these benefits. OGD use requires several actors, activities and tools; however, these are fragmented and depending on each other. The OGD infrastructure presented in this dissertation aims to enhance the coordination of OGD use. Core components are an advanced and interoperable three-tier metadata model to find, analyse, visualise, interact about and assess OGD, interaction mechanisms to stimulate interaction between OGD users, OGD providers and governmental policy makers, and data quality indicators to assess the data’s fitness for use. This study is among the first to describe the design of an OGD infrastructure. This dissertation contributes to science by providing a comprehensive overview of barriers and functional requirements for OGD use from the perspective of the OGD user, by defining functional building blocks for the design of the OGD infrastructure, and by developing and evaluating a prototype of the OGD infrastructure. Furthermore, this study is the first to apply coordination theory in the field of OGD and shows that coordination of OGD use does not merely require a focus on processes, but additionally requires a technical perspective including the integration of tools, a social perspective including interaction between involved actors, and the interaction between the social and technical perspective. Moreover, while OGD infrastructures traditionally mainly provide discovery metadata, this study confirms several recent studies that different types of metadata (discovery, contextual and detailed metadata) need to be combined to improve OGD use. Finally, whereas kernel theories concerning coordination, metadata, interaction and data quality are often studied separately, this study reveals that it is essential for the development of OGD infrastructures to combine these four kernel theories.

PurposeCurrently, countries worldwide are struggling with the virus COVID-19 and the severe outbreak it brings. To better benefit from open government health data in the fight against this pandemic, this study developed a framework for assessing open government health data at the dataset level, providing a tool to evaluate current open government health data's quality and usability COVID-19.Design/methodology/approachBased on the review of the existing quality evaluation methods of open government data, the evaluation metrics and their weights were determined by 15 experts in health through the Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process. The authors tested the framework's applicability using open government health data related to COVID-19 in the US, EU and China.FindingsThe results of the test capture the quality difference of the current open government health data. At present, the open government health data in the US, EU and China lacks the necessary metadata. Besides, the number, richness of content and timeliness of open datasets need to be improved.Originality/valueUnlike the existing open government data quality measurement, this study proposes a more targeted open government data quality evaluation framework that measures open government health data quality on a range of data quality dimensions with a fine-grained measurement approach. This provides a tool for accurate assessment of public health data for correct decision-making and assessment during a pandemic.

Towards Open Data for Public Accountability: Examining the US and the UK Models

Open government and open data are often presented as the Asterix and Obelix of modern government—one cannot discuss one, without involving the other. Modern government, in this narrative, should open itself up, be more transparent, and allow the governed to have a say in their governance. The usage of technologies, and especially the communication of governmental data, is then thought to be one of the crucial instruments helping governments achieving these goals. Much open government data research, hence, focuses on the publication of open government data, their reuse, and re-users. Recent research trends, by contrast, divert from this focus on data and emphasize the importance of studying open government data in practice, in interaction with practitioners, while simultaneously paying attention to their political character. This commentary looks more closely at the implications of emphasizing the practical and political dimensions of open government data. It argues that researchers should explicate how and in what way open government data policies present solutions to what kind of problems. Such explications should be based on a detailed empirical analysis of how different actors do or do not do open data. The key question to be continuously asked and answered when studying and implementing open government data is how the solutions openness present latch onto the problem they aim to solve.

We compare the implementations and practices of open government and open government data in Mexico, Russia, and the US using a set of common concepts focused on policy environment and context. After providing thumbnail sketches of each country, we consider how variations among the countries are relate to context-specific historical problems, policies and politics From there we comment on the prospects for the institutionalization of open government and open data in each country.

Regarding Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the public sector, electronic governance is the first emerged concept which has been recognized as an important issue in government's outreach to citizens since the early 1990s. The most important development of e-governance recently is Open Government Data, which provides citizens with the opportunity to freely access government data, conduct value-added applications, provide creative public services, and participate in different kinds of democratic processes. Open Government Data is expected to enhance the quality and efficiency of government services, strengthen democratic participation, and create interests for the public and enterprises. The success of Open Government Data hinges on its accessibility, quality of data, security policy, and platform functions in general. This article presents a robust assessment framework that not only provides a valuable understanding of the development of Open Government Data but also provides an effective feedback mechanism for mid-course corrections. We further apply the framework to evaluate the Open Government Data platform of the central government, on which open data of nine major government agencies are analyzed. Our research results indicate that Financial Supervisory Commission performs better than other agencies; especially in terms of the accessibility. Financial Supervisory Commission mostly provides 3-star or above dataset formats, and the quality of its metadata is well established. However, most of the data released by government agencies are regulations, reports, operations and other administrative data, which are not immediately applicable. Overall, government agencies should enhance the amount and quality of Open Government Data positively and continuously, also strengthen the functions of discussion and linkage of platforms and the quality of datasets. Aside from consolidating collaborations and interactions to open data communities, government agencies should improve the awareness and ability of personnel to manage and apply open data. With the improvement of the level of acceptance of open data among personnel, the quantity and quality of Open Government Data would enhance as well.

The next step for our urban areas is to become friendly using open data. The focus of this paper is to highlight the necessity and the implementation of Open Government Data (OGD). It also presents the principles of Open Government Data. The paper aims to analyze the OGD solutions and the impact of these for urban development using a SWOT analysis. In our age OGD confers an important advantage in development economy. In this case everybody tries to implement efficient OGD.Keywords: Open Data, Open Government Data, Smart Cities, Friendly Cities, Knowledge EconomyIntroductionThe paper aims to analyze the impact and the role of open government data in our society and to highlight the trend of European countries in this case.The first part presents the literature review of the open data and open government data. Researchers worldwide are interested in improving governmental activity by implementing the latest innovations to the knowledge economy. The free exchange of ideas, information and knowledge is the support of development [14]. Open data is an essential element for knowledge economy. Knowledge economy emphasizes with lifelong learning, good quality of life and open government data.The second part highlights the opportunities and the changes that will be made in society after will implement an OGD solution. It is essential to the governmental and the citizens to use open data because this will offer independence, transparency, decentralization and, in the same time, aggregation.The third and the fourth part of the paper present the impact and the barriers of open government data. It is very important to highlight the benefits, disadvantages and barriers. These can be presented start from the most important cities how use this kind of solutions.In the fifth part is presented a classification of cities in three main categories based on the usage of open government data and a SWOT analysis about OGD solutions.The paper ends with the conclusion and the most important idea is: for development urban areas we have to use open government data.2 Literature ReviewThe literature review [1], [2], [3] highlight that a group inspired by open source software movements published version 1.0 of a statement they called the Open Knowledge Definition (OKF - Open Knowledge Foundation, 2006). This puts forward a definition of what it means to have open content, stating that: A piece of data or content is open if anyone is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it - subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and/or sharealike [6], [7], [8].In our age we can increasing the efficiency of public services and governmental activities by fast adopting the new technologies and the open data solutions.The most recent and important point of view is use of open data solutions is the Europe 2020 Strategy [18], [22], [23]. This strategy try to put the Europe's economy back on the path to growth.The Europe 2020 Strategy promotes the strategic objectives of a smart, sustainable and inclusive growth which are made further operational by a number of five headline targets for 2020 and by seven flagship initiatives.The Europe 2020 Strategy identifies five headlines that European Union should take to boost growth and employment. These are presented in Figure 1.The Europe 2020 Strategy has important direct implications for the future EU Cohesion Policy, because it develops - in fact - the same strategies for the period 2014- 2020. The Europe 2020 Strategy identifies seven flagship initiatives. These flagship initiatives [18], [23] are (Figure 2):· Innovation Union: the most important aspect is to improve framework conditions for better finance of research and innovation;· youth on the move : to reinforce the education systems and to improve the international view of Europe's higher education;· a digital agenda for Europe: the accent is put on the development of high-speed internet and to use the benefits of the one digital market;· resource efficient Europe: to use efficiently the resources for economic growth, increasing the use of renewable sources, improve and modernizing the transport sector and reduce of energy consume;· an industrial policy for the globalization era: the most important objectives are to improve the business environment and to development of a strong and sustainable industrial base able to compete globally. …

Purpose The purpose of this exploratory study is to provide modern local governments with potential use cases for their open data, in order to help inform related future policies and decision-making. The concrete context was that of the Växjö municipality located in southeastern Sweden. Design/methodology/approach The methodology was two-fold: 1) a survey of potential end users (n=151) from a local university; and, 2) analysis of survey results using a theoretical model regarding local strategies for implementing open government data. Findings Most datasets predicted to be useful were on: sustainability and environment; preschool and school; municipality and politics. The use context given is primarily research and development, informing policies and decision making; but also education, informing personal choices, informing citizens and creating services based on open data. Not the least, the need for educating target user groups on data literacy emerged. A tentative pattern comprising a technical perspective on open data and a social perspective on open government was identified. Research limitations In line with available funding, the nature of the study was exploratory and implemented as an anonymous web-based survey of employees and students at the local university. Further research involving (qualitative) surveys with all stakeholders would allow for creating a more complete picture of the matter. Practical implications The study determines potential use cases and use contexts for open government data, in order to help inform related future policies and decision-making. Originality/value Modern local governments, and especially in Sweden, are faced with a challenge of how to make their data open, how to learn about which types of data will be most relevant for their end users and what will be different societal purposes. The paper contributes to knowledge that modern local governments can resort to when it comes to attitudes of local citizens to open government data in the context of an open government data perspective.

In a developing country like India, with complex issues at hand evidence-based Planning of socio-economic development processes must rely on quality data. As quality data is not easily accessible, there is a general need to facilitate sharing and utilization of the large amount of data generated by Ministries/Departments/Organizations/ States of India in an open format exposing them for further value addition to enable effective governance and enhanced public service delivery.

ABSTRACTThe use of Open Government Data (OGD) has not kept pace with the expectations as existing OGD infrastructures mainly serve as data repositories. Many OGD infrastructures do not stimulate or support OGD use processes, and there is a lack of research regarding which functionalities can stimulate such processes. The objective of this study is to use a design science approach to evaluate whether metadata, interaction mechanisms, and data quality indicators can improve OGD use. OGD use comprises five main activities, namely searching for and finding OGD, OGD analysis, visualizing OGD, interacting about OGD, and OGD quality analysis. We expect that three OGD key infrastructure elements—metadata, interaction mechanisms, and data quality indicators—allow for improving these five OGD use activities. A prototype of an advanced OGD infrastructure was created, which implements the three OGD infrastructure elements. Three quasi-experiments with a pretest posttest control group design were conducted. The quasi-experiments showed that the prototype facilitated the usability of the novel OGD use functionalities. Our quasi-experiments supported our propositions that metadata, interaction mechanisms, and data quality indicators contribute to making OGD use easier and faster, and enhance the user experience. The infrastructure elements improved OGD use by better enabling searching, analyzing, visualizing, discussing, giving feedback on, and assessing the quality of open data. Hence, we plea for integrating metadata, interaction mechanisms, and data quality indicators in open data infrastructures to advance open data usage.

Open government data (OGD) is attracting stakeholders from different backgrounds. The call for OGD has been especially pronounced in the last 6 or 7 years. OGD demand accelerated after the launch of the US OGD initiative portal in 2009, followed by the UK in 2010. Before that, the availability and accessibility of government data were limited to certain executives and few government employees, whereas for others, it was either partially available or completely unavailable. Publishing government data, thereby making it available to the public, could be useful in many ways such as increasing transparency and accountability in governments, increasing overall efficiency and performance, encouraging publics’ engagement, and achieving trust and reputation. As an example of the role that OGD may provide, this paper compares the different financial reporting and auditing systems in the public sector between Brazil and Saudi Arabia. Also, the paper examines OGD initiatives among different countries with the focus of the Republic of Brazil and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s open data portals. Moreover, it assesses the level of data transparency based on the definition of the open data model, and more importantly, the paper suggests new dimensions to the open data concept when utilized by governments. In addition, it argues that the OGD in Saudi Arabia, which is an emerging initiative in a country that has centralized power, could be improved dramatically. We demonstrate by using a sample of procurement contracts data taken from the Council of Saudi Chambers Web site, which is publicly available and shows the potential of monitoring or auditing public spending.