Abstract
Objectives: As per the national survey data, the prevalence of dengue has been still rising consistently, and the burden of the disease is predominantly affecting the adults with progression toward the DF, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome. The higher hospitalization rate result in massive mortality.
 Methods: Vector control alone cannot reduce the transmission of viral infection, so effective vaccine development is made high priority.
 Results: Several vaccine candidates including live attenuated, live chimeric, inactivated and many other vector vaccines are key elements needed to achieve the dengue public health targets. Global strategies like diagnosis, care management, outbreak preparedness and integrated surveillance, sustainable vector control, and future vaccine implementation are needed to be addressed.
 Conclusion: This review mainly describes the dengue treatment challenges, in addition to a brief discussion of dengue vaccine challenges and future outlook on dengue that might help in making efficacious vaccine in near future.
Highlights
Dengue is caused by dengue virus (DENV), a mosquito-borne Flavivirus [1]
Dengue ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus can be classified into five serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4 and DENV-5 belonging to Flaviviridae family
DENV causes a wide range of diseases in humans, from a self-limited dengue fever (DF) to a life-threatening syndrome called dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS) [2]
Summary
Dengue is caused by dengue virus (DENV), a mosquito-borne Flavivirus [1]. Dengue ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus can be classified into five serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4 and DENV-5 belonging to Flaviviridae family. By cloning PrM and E of each serotype into plasmid vectors naval medical research center, WRAIR, Maryland, USA has discovered a candidate dengue DNA vaccine This vaccine was having the capacity to mount neutralizing antibody response and partial protection against different DENV serotypes in mice and Rhesus macaques [45,46,47]. The lack of an appropriate animal model that elucidates the pathogenesis, immune response, and clinical course of dengue infections in humans one of the major difficulties is associated with the development of a safe and effective dengue vaccine. Due to repeated dengue outbreaks, a financial burden to the health care system is increasing rapidly This gives a clear structure to the need for a cost-effective dengue vaccine as a preventive strategy along with vector control [37]. Microbial pesticides obtained from actinomycetes, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), and many other microorganisms are used as eco-friendly alternatives for mosquito control [103]
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