Abstract
Our research project addressed two questions: (1) are there favorable contexts for deliberation in legislatures? and (2) does deliberation also matter for outcomes? We found that consensus institutions, presidentialism, second chambers, non-publicity, and low-issue polarization further deliberation, particularly by enhancing respectful exchanges among participants. We also found that unanimous or nearly unanimous decisions were typically associated with high-quality deliberation in the preceding debates, while deliberation was almost without any effect on the substantive outcome dimension (conceptualized as more and less egalitarian decisions).
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