The Definition and Typologies of Conversion and Compounding in Albanian Word Formation in a Crosslinguistic Approach

This research discussed about types of word formation processes in children’s literature in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz novel and its animation movie. This research used the word formation theory proposed by Yule (2010) to find out the types of word formation in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz novel and its animation movie. This research was the descriptive qualitative method. The data were all sentences containing word formation in the selected chapters studied in the novel and animation movie of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The findings showed that there were 64 data contained word formation in novel and animation movie. In the novel found 35 data which are word formation, they are blending (1 data), borrowing (9 data), compounding (12 data), clipping (1 data), and derivation (12 data). Children's literature in the novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz uses half types of word formation, there are five types of word formation out of ten types of word formation. Meanwhile, in the animation movie found 29 data which are word formation, they are back-formation (1 data), blending (1 data), borrowing (1 data), compounding (10 data), derivation (15 data), and multiple process (1 data). Children's literature works in animation movie used more than half the types of word formation, there are six of the ten types of word formation. The researcher concluded that compounding and derivation is the word formation process mostly used in novel, whereas in animation movie the most word formation process used is derivation.

Slang is an informal type of language often used in everyday communication, especially on social media. Meanwhile, X, a popular social media platform, features many comments that frequently use slang words in its threads. Thus, this study aimed to classify the types of slang word formation and the functions of slang words found in comments on X. The theoretical framework for this study included Yule's (2010) theory on types of slang words and Zhou and Fan's (2013) theory on the functions of slang expressions. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method. The data were taken from comments by users on Elon Musk's X account, uploaded by Elon Musk from July to August 2023. The findings identified several types of word formation: 1) clipping (7 data), 2) derivation (6 data), 3) acronyms (4 data), 4) borrowing (4 data), 5) coinage (2 data), 6) compounding (1 data), and 7) multiple processes (1 data). Among the types of word formation analyzed, clipping was the most common type of slang word formation found, with 7 examples identified. The main function of slang words in these comments was to express user’s feelings, especially their disappointment with the rebranding of Twitter to X. This suggests that users use slang and word creation techniques in a variety of ways, demonstrating linguistic innovation and originality in online communication. Keywords: Comments, Elon Musk, Functions, People, Slang Words, Types, X

This research aims to determine the types of derivative word formation and inflectional word formation found in the poetry collection “Couleur Femme” and determine the dominant types of word formation. This research uses a qualitative descriptive research method. The data source for this research is poetry by Pranita Dewi in the bilingual poetry collection “Couleur Femme.” The poems by Pranita Dewi which are the source of research data are “Ambarawa, vile sans personne; Edge Park; Melka, la mariée d’une saison; and Je commence cette année avec toux et asthma”. The data for this research are words that have derivative and inflectional word formation in the four poems. The research results show eight types of derivative word formation: prefixation, suffixes forming nouns, adjectives forming adjectives, adverbs forming adverbs, verbs forming verbs, zero derivations, popular compositions, and absorption. Furthermore, there are five types of inflectional word formation: conjugation, flexion of masculine nouns to become feminine, flexion of singular nouns to become plural general nouns, flexion of singular adjectives to plural, and flexion of masculine adjectives to feminine. The dominant type of derivative word formation is verb-forming suffixes. The dominant inflectional kind of word formation is conjugation.

The article shows that lexico-semantic innovations in the Ukrainian language system of proper names which are characterized by a specific neurophysiological mechanism of formation require in-depth study. The relevance of the article lies in the fact that lexico-semantic word formation used to be mainly considered in the diachronic aspect, which led to little attention to ergonyms and pragmonyms as relevant classes of proper names. The article aims to analyze lexico-semantic innovations in the context of ergonyms and pragmonyms and determine their role in word formation in the system of naming-related tools in the modern Ukrainian language. Research methods include observations, analogies, analysis, synthesis, linguistic description, component analysis, structural-semantic analysis, statistical methods. The article proves that lexico-semantic word formation is the most active and productive way of replenishing the fund of ergonyms and pragmonyms in the Ukrainian language under the conditions of a transition economy. The main types of lexico-semantic word formation are derivational metaphor and derivational metonymy. They enable the formation of both simple and compound lexico-semantic innovations mostly represented by binary word combinations. Including all layers of vocabulary in the scope of such a type of word formation can bring unlimited prospects of its functioning in the future. The international value of the research implies clarifying the role of lexico-semantic word formation in the naming system of modern Ukrainian, describing important fragments of the lexical structure of the Ukrainian language, systematizing modern lexico-semantic naming models, and determining the ways of activating lexico-semantic substitution. For the first time in Ukrainian linguistics, the research analyzes peripheral classes of proper names in various ways, classifies ergonyms by thematic groups and motivational features underlying the naming unit and reveals the specifics of different semantic groups of Ukrainian pragmonyms.

This study analyzes the process of forming words from slang words in the Camp Rock film script. This study uses the word formation process theory from George Yule (2014) to analyze how the process of forming slang words in the Camp Rock film script and find out which type of word formation is the most dominant used in the Camp Rock film script. The research method used is descriptive method, namely collecting data and then analyzing it descriptively. The researcher found 5 types of slang word formation in this film script, consisting of clipping, derivation, compounding, acronym and blending. This study found that the most dominant type of word formation used in this film was clipping with a percentage of 57%, then followed by acronyms with a percentage of 19%, then blending with a percentage of 14%, and the last two namely derivation and compounding which only had a percentage of 5 %.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the formation of slang words used by Sophia, the main character of the Girlboss TV Series. The writer conducted this study to determine the types of word formations formed in Sophia's slang words in each episode and the morphological processes involved in the creation of those slang words. Additionally, this study was carried out in a qualitative approach. The writer used the theory of word formation and morphology by Yule (2020) in her study. The findings revealed that compounding, blending, clipping, coinage, acronyms, derivation, and multiple processes were all used in the formation of slang words used by the main character in the Girlboss. Meanwhile, borrowing, backformation, hypocorism, and conversion were not found in the data analysed. Based on their respective origin words and the theory of the types of word formation processes, the slang words that appear in these 11 episodes are divided into several different types of word formation. In short, it showed that the main character of Girlboss TV series often uses slang when communicating with their peers, some of which are in the form of abbreviations, modified elements from original words, and some use new words.

ABSTRACT
 Nowadays, almost all countries in the world, including Indonesia, are still facing and struggling with COVID-19 pandemic. In Indonesia, the first case was confirmed by the president on March 2nd, 2020. Since then, Indonesia has been fighting against COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic is affecting all aspects of human life including language. There is an interesting phenomenon dealing with the emergence of new words during COVID-19 pandemic. As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, the number of ‘new’ or ‘re-emerge’ terms will also be increasing. Most of the terms’ meanings are discoverable through news articles published massively on the internet. The terms that are occurring are not only caused by the new virus that needs certain terms for the medical or scientific matters, but it is also because of the ‘new normal’ that people are being forced into. This research entitled “Word Formation that Occur in Indonesian Language during COVID-19 Pandemic” is aimed to find out what types of word formation that occur in Indonesian language during COVID-19 pandemic. This research employed a descriptive analysis method which belongs to qualitative research. This method was chosen because the researchers described the linguistic phenomenon dealing with word formation. The object of this research was the official website https://covid19.go.id/ which is Indonesian official website that provides any information about COVID-19. The data were collected by reading several sections in https://covid19.go.id/. Therefore, the technique used to collect the data were reading and note taking techniques. The researchers used several steps in collecting the data: (1) reading several sections in https://covid19.go.id/ ; (2) identifying words containing word formation process; and (3) collecting the words in the table. After collecting the data, the researchers went to the next step which was analyzing the data. There were several steps that the researchers took in analyzing the data: (1) data collection; (2) data display; (3) drawing and verifying conclusion. The results of this research showed that there are three types of word formations that occurred which are initialism, blending, and borrowing.
 Keywords: COVID-19, Morphology, Word Formation

This study is an analysis of slang words found in the dialogues of the Furious 7 movie. This study aims to determine the types of word formation and the function of the slang words used in the Furious 7 movie. The theory used in this research is Yule (2010) regarding the types of word formation and Allan & Burridge's (2006) about the function of slang. This research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach to solving research problems. The data used is taken from dialogues between characters in the Furious 7 movie. Researcher found 37 slang words used by the characters in the movie. This study reveals that there are seven types of word formation and seven different functions in the use of slang words The most dominant types of word formation are borrowing and multiple processes with 8 data each, while the most dominant slang function is to initiate relax conversation with 10 data.

Translation of institutional texts is a challenge for translators due to the importance of conveying the meaning of the context as accurately as possible. The production of a good translation of official documents such as regulations that reflect the institutional register requires consideration of differences in the source and target languages in terms of syntax and lexis. As often as not, this results in transformations in sentence structure and word formation. English word formation, due to different language characteristics differs from Lithuanian in many ways. Although the definition of word formation is quite similar: ‘Word-formation’ is a traditional label, and one which is useful, but it does not generally cover all possible ways of forming everything that can be called a ‘word‘.” (Bauer, 1983:9). The theoretical part of this paper discusses the main word formation types for the English and the Lithuanian languages. The second, empirical part, deals with the analysis of word formation types in the English language, their transformations in the Lithuanian language and the most common transformation patterns. For the purpose, data from original bilingual documents of the European Union representing the institutional register were collected from EUR-Lex database.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.26.12424

Reviewed by: Yearbook of morphology 1999 ed. by Geert Booij, Jaap van Marle Edward J. Vajda Yearbook of morphology 1999. Ed. by Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2001. Pp. 319. ISBN 079236631X. $157.50 (Hb). This Yearbook volume contains eleven articles, five on diachronic aspects of morphology, the rest dealing with miscellaneous topics. The data derives mainly from Romance, Germanic, and Slavic languages. Martin Haspelmath is guest editor for the section on diachronic morphology. The articles here focus mainly on the motivation behind morphological change, or on the notion of which formal elements in a word (stem vs. affix, phonological stem trait vs. inflection) actually convey semantic content. Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy’s ‘Umlaut as signans and signatum: Synchronic and diachronic aspects’ (1–23) explores an instance where a phonological trait has come to express informational content. In ‘What sort of thing is a derivational affix? Diachronic evidence from Romanian and Spanish’ (25–52), Martin Maiden makes a similar argument for the function of derivational affixes, which, contrary to some claims (cf. Robert Beard, Lexeme morpheme base morphology, New York: SUNY Press, 1995), are shown not to be semantically vacuous. In ‘The development of “junk”: Irregularization strategies of have and say in the Germanic languages’ (53–74), Damaris NÜbling analyzes how these originally weak verbs became irregular across the various Germanic languages. Elisabetta Magni’s ‘Paradigm organization and lexical connections in the development of the Italian passato remoto’ (75–96) explores cognitive motivations for the development of irregular preterite forms. Elke Ronneberger-Sibold’s ‘On useful darkness: Loss and destruction of transparency by linguistic change, borrowing, and word creation’ (97–120) likewise deals with speaker awareness of phonological processes—a factor that manifests itself in speaker preference for specific types of word formation. The volume’s remaining six articles cover a range of topics, most dealing with cognitive processing. Marco Baroni’s ‘The representation of prefixed forms in the Italian lexicon’ (121–52) uses the distribution of intervocalic [s] and [z] allophones in Northern Italian dialects as evidence for whether speakers have come to regard certain historically prefixed stems as monomorphemic. In ‘On inherent inflection feeding derivation in Polish’ (153–83), Bożena Cetnarowska argues that in certain Polish word forms derivation must be able to follow as well as precede inflection. This raises interesting questions about the notion of lexical stem. In ‘The processing of interfixed German compounds’ (184–220), Wolfgang U. Dressler, Gary Libben, Jacqueline Stark, Christiane Pons, and Gonia Jarema explore the cognitive processing of compound words such as leben-s-lang ‘life-long’. Andrew Hippisley’s ‘Word formation rules in a default inheritance framework: A network morphology account of Russian personal nouns’ (221–61) provides an excellent encapsulation of network morphology, as well as a convincing account of how affix rivalry and exceptionality can be simultaneously accommodated in a theory of word form creation. Steven G. LaPointe’s ‘Stem selection and OT’ (263–97) gives an optimality theory account of stem and affix allomorphy, based on data from a variety of languages, including Korean and Cherokee. The book’s final article, Irit Meir’s ‘Verb classifiers as noun incorporation in Israeli sign language’ (299–319), argues that certain hand gestures bear striking similarities to the properties of certain types of noun incorporation. This excellent study is a welcome inclusion here for the new dimension it adds to understanding the essence of morphological structure shorn of the epiphenomenon of sound. All of these articles reflect the ‘cutting edge’ of morphological research, making this volume, like its predecessors in the same series, an important acquisition for any linguist or librarian serious about keeping pace with morphological theory. Edward J. Vajda Western Washington University Copyright © 2005 Linguistic Society of America

t is a fact that word formation is a crucial aspect of linguistics, particularly the morphology study. Its importance can help us learn new words, understand how languages change, and improve our communication skills in real interaction and communication among others. Like other sciences, language science or linguistics, specifically the morphology which is known as the study of word formation developed rapidly and massively due to the rapid development of science and technology. As a result, the vocabulary of any language is constantly changing, adding new words and phrases. This, of course enriches the vocabulary and words of the language itself. This article deals with the nature of word formation process and types of the word formation in the study of the language, particularly the English language. Key words: word formation, concept, type, and English

The aims of this research are to find out word formation in the movie entitled “Wonder” and to describe the application of word formation in movie “Wonder” to teach vocabulary. This research belongs to a descriptive qualitative research. The object is the movie entitled “Wonder”. The data of this study is word formation processes in the movie. To collect the data, the writers do some steps. Those are watching the movie, reading the movie script, and identifying the word formation processes. In analysing the data, the writers conduct some steps: identifying word formation processes in the utterances used by the main characters, classifying the data into types of word formation based on George Yule’s theory, and applying the finding to teach vocabulary. The result of this research shows that there are 148 word formations that are classified into ten types of word formation: 53 of compounding (36%), 5 of coinage (4%), 23 of borrowing (16%), 2 of blending (1%), 8 of clipping (5%), 3 of backformation (2%), 5 of conversion (4%), 2 of acronyms (1%), 45 of derivation (30%), and 2 of multiple processes (1%). The finding of this research can be applied in teaching vocabulary.

Non-usual word formation, being a moreunrestrictedwayofreplenishing the vocabularyof a language,canfill in the gaps of traditional word formation,producecreative,rebus,expressivenominations; it is characterized by increasingimportanceinmodernGerman,especiallyin the field of Internetcommunication.Dueattention is notpaid to the study of theseprocessesandnewGermanwordsformed in non-conventional ways. The purpose of the study is to generalize and systematize the available theoretical research results in the domestic and foreign linguistics of non-usual word formation, to determine the types of non-casual word formation used in modern German and the trends of neologization. Methodology. The research material is the actual nominations of objects of reality functioning in today's Internet communication, relating to different spheres of life of German society. Word-formation analysis, elements of semantic and morphological analysis are used. Results. It is shown that all the distinguished types of non-formal word formation are used in modern German. The most frequent are lexicalization of abbreviations, elimination, contamination, substitution, and centaur words. Neologization through non-formal word formation is characterized by tendencies towards internationalization, intensification, integration and intellectualization. Practical implications. The materials and research results can be used in the educational process in the training of specialists in the field of communication in German, in lexicographic practice, in the development of research methodology on related topics.

The language of Ukrainian fiction of the beginning of the 21st century is analyzed in the article, particularly the vocabulary formed by the ways of compounding: word-composition, stem-composition and abbreviations. Attention is drawn to occasional novelties. It has been established that compounding is a productive way of derivation in the modern Ukrainian language. In the artistic style, it activated its potential under the influence of external and intra-linguistic factors, such as: accession of the lexicon with foreign language elements, the effect of the law due to economy of linguistic means, the tendency to complicate the language structure, the search for new expressive forms, informatization and computerization, etc. It is determined that a compound word in an artistic text is a coherently designed lexical unit. The author’s novelty in grammatical and semantic aspects presents a new meaning which is necessary for the context and does not simply reflect the content of its formative components. It is substantiated that the use of apposition, as one of the types of juxtapositions, is a productive way of forming complex neolexemes in artistic Ukrainian prose; repetition of the same or similar in meaning antonymous or synonymous nominative words forms a type of word formation – reduplication; splicing is also used by Ukrainian novelist, but the authors go beyond the boundaries of “traditional” word formation, using the technique of graphic combination of several words, the technique of multiple repetition of one lexeme or its part; in the context of splicing, its variation is singled out, when a syntactic construction that undergoes compression becomes the formative base. It has been clarified that in Ukrainian fiction there are many lexemes formed by varieties of word formation (pure, compound-suffix, compound-zero, compound-inflectional, prefix-compound-suffix). Authors often introduce occasionalisms into the linguistic canvas of works, which denote a certain new concept, the image that are talked about. It has been established that the abbreviation in Ukrainian fiction has no tendency to intensive use. Keywords: compounding, compounds, word formation, stem formation, abbreviation, telescoping, occasionalism.

This research was aimed at analyzing the various word formations, their processes, and the meanings associated with English makeup terms in local Indonesian makeup brands. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach. The researcher collected the data by selecting items from The Female Daily Award 2024 official website. The researcher employed Yule's (2020) theory for both morphology and semantics in this study. The data that contained word formation were collected and then analyzed based on the processes of how the words are formed and analyzed the meaning using all the data. The research findings indicate that Indonesian local makeup brands employ five distinct forms of word formation in their English makeup terminology. The research identified five types of word formation, which included compound, clipping, coinage, derivation, and multiple processes. Among those types, compound emerged as the most prevalent word formation.