The debut of immunoglobulin A nephropathy in the baikal region: are there any regional characteristics?

The article deals with territorial links of the expectancy of the forthcoming life on the aggregate of regions of the Russian Federation with 57 socio-economic phenomena. Phenomena belong to the 8 thematic groups. To identify the social characteristics of the regions of the Russian Federation, the variability of which is most closely related to the variability of life expectancy, the package of programs “Stochastic modeling” was used. It has been established that the life expectancy depends to the greatest extent on the prevalence of crimes against the person, certain infectious and parasitic diseases, abortions, on the level of knowledge of schoolchildren in mathematics and the Russian language, on the level of influence of traditional confessions, on the prevalence of worldview phenomena that are a deviation from traditional religiosity. Factors determining the lowered life expectancy in the Baikal region are identified. The Baikal region is characterized by an increased level of violent crime, an increased number of abortions, a lower level of knowledge of schoolchildren in mathematics and the Russian language, and a lower influence of traditional confessions. These characteristics are reliably combined on the aggregate of regions of the Russian Federation with a reduced life expectancy.

The article gives a brief overview of the soil cartographic work carried out in the Baikal region. The paper contains one of the authors' map of agroecological zoning of soils of the Irkutsk region. A fragment of the legend is shown. Suitable and unsuitable districts for their use in agriculture have been identified. Various types of business activities are recommended. Also provided are maps of the use of land of the most developed part of the lands of the Baikal region in 1980 and 2023. In the Irkutsk-Cheremkhov plain with neighboring steppe areas, occupying 11% of the area of the region where the bulk of the farmland is located, relatively good natural and climatic conditions are noted. With the collapse of collective farms and state farms since the 1990s. More than 50% of former agricultural land was abandoned. A positive aspect of the "resetting" of the state system is the emergence of a reserve of agricultural land for use in the form of abandoned land with soils that have restored the level of fertility. The authors proposed a scale of qualitative assessment of the possibility of using land in agriculture, developed an assessment of the state of soil fertility, taking into account their regional characteristics.

Intensity of the Muya, 1957 earthquake is assessed in localities based on macroseismic data and in epicentral area based on effects in natural environment; it is analyzed how these assessments correspond to each other and to instrumental location of epicenter, hypocentral depth, and magnitude; it is evaluated, how seismodislocations of the Muya earthquake could serve as control of palaeoseismostructure parameters in this region. Spatial distribution of macroseismic effect confirms relatively deep source (20–22 km). Deep source agrees with anomalously short surface rupture length (not more than 25 km); only a part of the source exposed on the surface. Comparison with length of palaeoseismostructures shows that it is a regional feature. Epicentral intensity based on surface ruptures is assed X degrees in ESI2007 scale. Ignoring geological effects will underestimate epicentral intensity up to two degrees. Source mechanism with three sub-sources is in agreement with segmentation of surface ruptures. Sub-sources are of strike-slip type with small normal component; essential normal slip at surface is probably not representative for the source and is due to accommodation of strike-slip movement along with a system of sub-parallel en echelon ruptures under tension.

Long–term soil research efforts (1980–2017) in the Baikal drainage basin revealed a widespread occurrence of thin layers of skeletal soils in the tundra zone: peat–lithozems, coarse humus and humous and dark–humus lithozems, and petrozems. A variety of complete–profile soils is represented by podburs, peat podburs, gleyic podburs, podzols and gleysols. It is determined that the soil cover of the mountain–taiga zone is nonuniform because of the manifestation of the vertical zonality, the aspects of slopes and permafrost of different types. The main background of the Khangai soils consists of cryosols and podburs; Khentii – sod podburs and dark–humus soils; in the Lake Khövsgöl region – cryosols, podburs and sod podburs; the Baikal region – podburs, podzols, peat podburs and sod podzols, and on the windward slopes of the mountain ridges facing Baikal – podburs and coarse humus burozems. The occurrence and development of burozem soils in the Baikal region is confirmed. In the forest–steppe zone of Hangai and Khentii, the soil diversity is presented by cryosols, sod podburs, dark– and grey–humus soils, and in the forest–steppe contact zone by chernozems and castanozems. It is established that in the Selenga middle mountains, the basis for soil cover is provided by sod podburs, and the accompanying soils are grey metamorphic, light–humic and cryoarid soils. We identified a new type of soils, cespitose–grey soils. Psammozems and light–humus soils occur on sands. Chernozems prevail in the steppe zone, and castanozems, cryoarid and, light–humus soils are dominant in the arid steppe zone. It is determined that the floodplain develops soils of different types: immature, alluvial and halophytic. A study is made of the specific character of floodplain soil formation determined by the mountains on the territory, the regional features of floodplain–alluvial processes, the extremely continental climate, and by the functioning of soils in conditions of the combined manifestation of cryodization and aridization. It is emphasized that the 1:5 000 000 soil map of the Lake Baikal drainage basin was created using a unified methodological framework and a unified classification by soil scientists of Russia and Mongolia. It is established that the soils of the Baikal region differ from the soils located at the same latitude of the European territory of Russia. It is found that the mountain zonality has a determining influence on the formation and spatial distribution of soils.

The article is devoted to the issues of urban development of the coastal territories in the functional, architectural and planning, social and environmental aspects of design using the example of the island of Olkhon. Natural recreational resources are the basis for the development of tourism in the Baikal region, which include unique landscapes, and objects that have the status of natural monuments. The primary development of tourism in the basin of Lake Baikal is envisaged in all government planning and program documents. Historical and cultural heritage of the region, religion and ethno-cultural features of indigenous peoples who have preserved the age-old traditions of nature management represent a special category of resources. Historical and cultural heritage includes socially recognized material and spiritual values preserved by the society for the maintenance of social and ethnic identity and for transmiting them to the next generations. This information potential of the territory, imprinted in phenomena, events, material objects, moral and ethical norms, scientific and philosophical ideas is necessary for the mankind for its future development.

Since the end of the 19th century, global air temperature has been increasing. The period after 1976 is called the period of the most intensive warming. In Russia, the average annual air temperature rises at a rate of + 0.43 ° C / 10 years. The change of precipitation over the last 50-60 years on average in Russia is not significant. In the Baikal region, precipitation increase during the warm period (10-11%) and decrease during the cold period (4%). It is reflected on hydrological regime and the factors of river flow formation. The regional features of the hydrological regime dynamics of the Baikal region against the background of climate change are considered. Groups of the rivers with similar alternations of low water and high-water periods are allocated. Trends in runoff are analyzed. The increase in air temperature leads to intra annual redistribution of river flow. The majority of statistically significant trends of river run off are observed during the cold period of year.

A network of regional highways in the Russian Federation urgently needs good and cost-efficient road constructing materials. Obtaining such materials is possible by strengthening local soils with inorganic binders. For the purpose of efficient application of such materials in the process of structures roads and highways in the Baikal region it is necessary to develop standard structures, which take account of regional characteristics. The regulatory documents in force on the territory of the Russian Federation do not contain standard structures in which materials reinforced with inorganic binders are used. The paper discusses some results of investigation bound up with development of standard structures of road pavement using local soils of the Baikal region, which are reinforced with inorganic binders.

<span>В работе рассмотрена динамика ряда характеристик отопительного периода в многолетнем и межгодовом режиме на юге Байкальского региона. Выявлено сокращение продолжительности отопительного периода последних десятилетий (с 1991 по 2017 гг.) относительно многолетних данных до 1960 г. на 6–10 дней. Показан значительный рост температуры наружного воздуха в течение отопительного сезона на 3,9 °C в Чите, 4,1</span><span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceBefore"> </span><span>–</span><span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceAfter"> </span><span>в Иркутске и 5,0 °C</span><span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceBefore"> </span><span>–</span><span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceAfter"> </span><span>в Улан-Удэ. Совокупное изменение этих показателей повлияло на снижение индекса потребления топлива на 15–19%. Анализ межгодовых колебаний характеристик отопительного периода с 1991 г. по 2017 г. выявил, что аномально низкие температуры выше по модулю и отмечаются чаще по сравнению с аномально теплыми зимами. Изменение межгодовых колебаний индекса потребления топлива составило от 14–20%, что сопоставимо с многолетними колебаниями (до 1960 г.). Показано, что резкие межгодовые колебания температуры воздуха на фоне современного потепления демонстрируют неоднозначность их влияния на хозяйственную деятельность в Байкальском регионе.</span>

Based on the results of the work carried out by the authors in 2023-2024 the article describes the use and level of fertility of soils of agricultural use of the southeastern Baikal region (Bayandaevsky and Ekhirit-Bulagatsky districts of the Irkutsk region). The area of agricultural land in the region is 48 %, of which more than half is not used in agriculture, abandoned since the 1990-s, after the «restructuring» of the government system. The region has relatively good natural and climatic conditions (levelled relief, the sum of active temperatures up to 1800°С, the duration of the warm period to 104 days, the absence of permafrost, etc.). There was proposed a scale of qualitative assessment of the possibility of using land in agriculture, developed an assessment of the state of soil fertility, taking into account their regional characteristics. It has been established that the soils of most of the territory according to the main agrophysical and agrochemical indicators (density, content of the fraction of «physical clay», humus, nitrates, agronomically valuable aggregates, mobile phosphorus and potassium) are assessed as «good» (sometimes «excellent», rarely «unsatisfactory»). «Excellent» soil condition is observed in the background territories untouched by human economic activity. According to such agrophysical indicators as the content of the fraction of physical clay, and sometimes agronomically valuable aggregates and soil density, they are mainly «unsatisfactory» and «bad» for their use for growing agricultural crops, which is mainly due to natural factors (rocks). There is a reserve of agricultural land for use in the form of abandoned land. The soils of most of the abandoned lands of the studied areas have a good and average level of fertility and can be introduced into agricultural circulation.

The paper presents the results of studies aimed at the analysis and assessment of atmospheric pollution over the Lake Baikal in the summer. This information is necessary to create physical models of the formation and transfer of atmospheric aerosol fields, taking into account the physical and geographical features of the Baikal region. Measurements were carried out by a lidar «LOSA-A2» installed on the scientific-research vessel «Academician V.A. Koptyug». The vessel’s route passed along the South, Middle and Northern Baikal, from July 15, 2018 to July 26, 2018. At the same time, observations were conducted using lidar «LOSA-M2». It was located in the background area at Boyarsky stationary site (51.84° N, 106.06° E), in the south-eastern part of the lake. The results of changes in the spatial structure of atmospheric aerosol fields in background conditions and during forest fires are shown.

The development of the Baikal region as an economic system involves the formation of a machine-building complex with developed cooperation. The purpose of the study is to determine the stages of evolution and territorial structure of the metallurgical complex of the Baikal region. The objectives of the study are to determine the modern directions of development of non–domed technologies in relation to the resource and transport – spatial features of the Baikal region; to identify priority areas (projects) for the creation of metallurgical industries, taking into account the prospects for the construction of railway tracks to the deposits; determination of basic approaches to changing the institutional and economic mechanisms for the development of iron ore resources and the formation of a regional metallurgical complex. Taking into account the remoteness of the region from metallurgical bases and the dispersal of industrial centers, it is necessary to create our own metallurgical base from several enterprises based on the resources of large and unique deposits of iron ore and coal. The most effective from an economic and environmental point of view are blast-furnace technologies for producing pig iron, without the use of expensive coke. In the city of Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, it is advisable to recreate the production of steel using the resources of magnetite concentrate obtained at the Bystrinsky mining and processing plant, magnetite ores from Eastern Buryatia and coal from the Zashulanskoye deposit. Based on the resources of the Berezovsky deposit of siderites and coals of the South Argun coal-bearing region, it is necessary to organize metallurgical production near the deposit. In the Irkutsk region, near the city of Bratsk, on brown coal of the Abanskoye deposit of the Kansk-Achinsk basin, imported magnetite ore of the Chara group of deposits and/or the largest in Siberia Chineyskoye titanium magnetite deposit, it is possible to create a powerful metallurgical complex, including the production of ferroalloys and steel-rolling production; in the area of the city of Ust-Ilimsk – on the basis of the resources of magnetites of the Angara-Kat group and coals of the Zheronsky deposit; in the Tulunsky region – on the basis of a large Ishideysky coal deposit and the Beloziminsky occurrence of magnetites alloyed with niobium and tantalum.

Based on the analysis of the content and application of the law of the Russian Empire of the second half of the XIX — early XX centuries, regulating public relations in the forest sphere, the operating features of one of the most important institutions of nature management in the Irkutsk province, such as legal responsibility for violations of forest legislation, are considered. The foundation of this institution is an important manifestation of the formation of the environmental law system in the region. The conclusion about the general positive results of the spread of the all-Russian legislation to the territory of the Baikal region during this period is made. The regional features of the institution of legal responsibility for violations in the field of forest law are stated with the priority of its compensatory and regulatory functions. The increasing role of forestry departments as structures that carry out prosecution (in comparison with the judicial system), as well as the practice of administrative procedure for resolving cases of violations and imposing monetary penalties on violators, is emphasized.

The second half of the last century and beginning of this century characterized by targeted climate change. It is reflected on hydrological regime and the factors of river flow formation. The regional features of the hydrological regime dynamics of the Baikal region on the background of climate change are considered in article. The long-term fluctuations of river run off are analyzed. The evaluation of long-term cyclic fluctuations of river runoff with use the integral difference curves is executed. These curves reflect annual fluctuations of river run off and indicate to long-term exhaustion or accumulation of water in watersheds. Groups of the rivers with similar alternations of low water and high-water periods are allocated. Trends in runoff are analyzed. Trends of monthly average and annual river flow series for period till 1961 to present were considered. The increase in air temperature is mainly due to the winter months leads to intra annual redistribution of river flow. The majority of statistically significant trends of river run off are observed during the cold period of year.

The regional features of long-term changes in air temperature at the south-western Baikal region on the background of global climate changes were studied. To estimate changes in air temperature in the basins of the south-western Pribaikalie, the long-term series of air temperature were used for the Tunka weather station. The correlation coefficients between the series of air temperature at the Tunka weather station and the temperature averaged for the temperate latitudes, the Northern Hemisphere, and the Globe were analyzed. Analysis of the variations in the anomalies of the mean annual temperature averaged for different zones, have shown a pronounced increase in the growth rate of the annual air temperature since the beginning of the 1970s for all the series of data. To estimate the relationship between the change in the surface air temperature in south-western Pribaikalie and large-scale atmospheric circulation mechanisms, correlation coefficients between the series of temperature and the characteristics of the atmospheric circulation have been calculated. The results of the analysis showed that the closest relationship between air temperature in the basins of the south-western Pribaikalie exists with the Scandinavian index (SCAND), the western type of atmospheric circulation of Wangengeym-Girs (W) in winter, the pressure in the center of the Siberian High in December.