Abstract
When considering the fate of the revolutionary wave in Europe during 1916–1921 the traditional view has been that the failure of European communism to carry the revolution beyond its point of origin decided the fate of the infant Soviet Union negatively. This article seeks to demonstrate that in 1917–1919 the Ukrainian question was pivotal to the success of the revolution in Europe. It examines the role of the Ukrainian Social-Democrat and Communist Independentists, the Ukapisty. These Ukrainian Marxists challenged both the Russian Communist Party and the Ukrainian nationalists in their quest for an independent Soviet Ukraine. Their campaign had international significance and gained the support of Soviet Hungary, their alliance brought into question the role of the Russian Communist Party in undermining the communist project in Europe. An appreciation of the causes of these little known events is essential to understand the subsequent fate of the revolutions.
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