The Critical Role of Dopamine in the Evolution of Human Intelligence and Thermal Tolerance

PurposeThis study aims to show the inconsistency of the approach to the development of artificial intelligence as an independent tool (just one more tool that humans have developed); to describe the logic and concept of intelligence development regardless of its substrate: a human or a machine and to prove that the co-evolutionary hybridization of the machine and human intelligence will make it possible to reach a solution for the problems inaccessible to humanity so far (global climate monitoring and control, pandemics, etc.).Design/methodology/approachThe global trend for artificial intelligence development (has been) was set during the Dartmouth seminar in 1956. The main goal was to define characteristics and research directions for artificial intelligence comparable to or even outperforming human intelligence. It should be able to acquire and create new knowledge in a highly uncertain dynamic environment (the real-world environment is an example) and apply that knowledge to solving practical problems. Nowadays artificial intelligence overperforms human abilities (playing games, speech recognition, search, art generation, extracting patterns from data etc.), but all these examples show that developers have come to a dead end. Narrow artificial intelligence has no connection to real human intelligence and even cannot be successfully used in many cases due to lack of transparency, explainability, computational ineffectiveness and many other limits. A strong artificial intelligence development model can be discussed unrelated to the substrate development of intelligence and its general properties that are inherent in this development. Only then it is to be clarified which part of cognitive functions can be transferred to an artificial medium. The process of development of intelligence (as mutual development (co-development) of human and artificial intelligence) should correspond to the property of increasing cognitive interoperability. The degree of cognitive interoperability is arranged in the same way as the method of measuring the strength of intelligence. It is stronger if knowledge can be transferred between different domains on a higher level of abstraction (Chollet, 2018).FindingsThe key factors behind the development of hybrid intelligence are interoperability – the ability to create a common ontology in the context of the problem being solved, plan and carry out joint activities; co-evolution – ensuring the growth of aggregate intellectual ability without the loss of subjectness by each of the substrates (human, machine). The rate of co-evolution depends on the rate of knowledge interchange and the manufacturability of this process.Research limitations/implicationsResistance to the idea of developing co-evolutionary hybrid intelligence can be expected from agents and developers who have bet on and invested in data-driven artificial intelligence and machine learning.Practical implicationsRevision of the approach to intellectualization through the development of hybrid intelligence methods will help bridge the gap between the developers of specific solutions and those who apply them. Co-evolution of machine intelligence and human intelligence will ensure seamless integration of smart new solutions into the global division of labor and social institutions.Originality/valueThe novelty of the research is connected with a new look at the principles of the development of machine and human intelligence in the co-evolution style. Also new is the statement that the development of intelligence should take place within the framework of integration of the following four domains: global challenges and tasks, concepts (general hybrid intelligence), technologies and products (specific applications that satisfy the needs of the market).

The possibility that there exist extraterrestrial creatures with advanced intelligence is considered by examining major events in mammalian, primate, and human evolution on earth. The overwhelming evidence is that the evolution of intelligence in creatures elsewhere who have the capability to communicate with us is vanishingly small. The history of the evolution of advanced forms of life on this planet is so beset by adventitious, unpredictable events and multiple contingencies that the evolution of human-level intelligence is highly unlikely on any planet, including earth.

Humans are perhaps the most social animals. Although some eusocial insects, herd mammals and seabirds live in colonies comprising millions of individuals, no other species lives in such a variety of social groups as Homo sapiens . We live in many different sized societies, from small, nomadic hunter

Understanding the evolution of human intelligence is an important undertaking in the science of human genetics. A great deal of biological research has been conducted to search for genes which are related to the significant increase in human brain volume and cerebral cortex complexity during hominid evolution. However, genetic changes affecting intelligence in hominid evolution have remained elusive. We supposed that a subset of intelligence-related genes, which harbored intra-species variations in human populations, may also be evolution-related genes which harbored inter-species variations between humans (Homo sapiens) and great apes (including Pan troglodytes and Pongo abelii). Here we combined inter-species and intra-species genetic variations to discover genes involved in the evolution of human intelligence. Information was collected from published GWAS works on intelligence and a total of 549 genes located within the intelligence-associated loci were identified. The intelligence-related genes containing human-specific variations were detected based on the latest high-quality genome assemblies of three human’s closest species. Finally, we identified 40 strong candidates involved in human intelligence evolution. Expression analysis using RNA-Seq data revealed that most of the genes displayed a relatively high expression in the cerebral cortex. For these genes, there is a distinct expression pattern between humans and other species, especially in neocortex tissues. Our work provided a list of strong candidates for the evolution of human intelligence, and also implied that some intelligence-related genes may undergo inter-species evolution and contain intra-species variation.

Purpose. The study aims to understand artificial intelligence as a socio-cultural phenomenon and its impact on education, where the spiritual sphere of humanity, moral norms, values, and human cognitive abilities are preserved, transferred as well as reproduced. A new discourse on the interaction of artificial and authentic human intelligence becomes inevitable, which has led to a situation of uncertainty. Changes in the socio-cultural environment under the influence of artificial intelligence increase potential threats to the educational space, which stimulates to find the ways to eliminate them. Theoretical basis. Various approaches of classical and postmodern philosophical heritage were taken as a theoretical basis for the research. The originality of the study is in the interpretation of artificial intelligence as a modern form of alienation of essential human characteristics in the socio-cultural context of information technology. The expansion of artificial intelligence raises awareness of the existential threat to the basic socio-cultural, moral and ethical principles of humanism. It is proved that various forms of alienation in the current existing socio-cultural space are typical of our reality, which changes the system of values, moral principles, and social organization of the community. Conclusions. In conclusion, it is proved that AI is a natural stage of scientific and technological progress, which reflects its secondary, derivative nature from human (authentic) intelligence. Human intelligence will always have advantages over AI due to its ability to create, communicate socially and culturally, and be emotional. The dilemma of the counterbalance between human and artificial intelligence is perceived mainly at the emotional level of people. The millennial understanding of the primacy of the creator over his creation can traditionally overcome this contradiction. The universality of human thinking is an undeniable advantage of human intelligence and a guarantee of its, i.e. our, priority.

Human intelligence is an important aspect from which to examine the development in human. However, human intelligence and human development remain two separate study and not being systematically reviewed. The current study presents a systematic review of papers within the last five years on human intelligence and human development. By adopting a systematic review approach, the current study attempts to present a suitable explanation for the human intelligence development. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was adopted which utilised three main journal databases, namely Scopus and Google Scholar and the other one through handpick from various journal. The eligibility resulted in a total of 25 articles that can be analysed systematically. Based on thematic analysis, there are 3 major themes and 19 sub-themes of the human intelligence and human development. There major themes are education, society/humanity and cultural/civilization. The study offered contribution, challanges and gap of human intelligence and human development studies. It is expected to inform specific areas that should be the study of human intelligence to influence human development to a more clear direction.

Since human fossils were first discovered in Ordos, Inner Mongolia and Zhoukoudian, Beijing in the early 20th century, more than 70 Pleistocene human fossil sites have been found within China. Over the last decade, new human fossil findings in Tianyuan Cave, Chongzuo, Daoxian, Xuchang, among others and related research progress have directed the focus of international paleoanthropology communities to further investigate Chinese human origin and evolution. Some popular research issues include the emergence, evolution, and variation of Chinese Homo erectus and the existence of ancient humans prior to Homo erectus . The topics also extend to the emergence and dispersal of archaic and early modern Homo sapiens in China and the presence of gene communication between Chinese and European ancient humans. Based on the new discoveries of Chinese human fossils and respective research progress, several conclusions can be made. (1) Although some suspicious early human members or artifical stone tools have been found in areas in China, such as Longgupo, Fanchang, Jianshi, and Nihewan basin, these findings are not approved by the international community nor have they been proven to be actual human fossils. As of now, human fossils aging as early as 2.0 million years ago have yet to be discovered in China. As of now, human fossils aging as early as 2.0 million years ago have not yet to be discovered in China. (2) The earliest Homo erectus fossil unearthed from the stratum is the Lantian Gongwangling skull, which is about 1.15−1.63 million years old. (3) More than 10 Homo erectus fossils were found in China, such as Zhoukoudian, Hexian, Nanjing, and so on. During the evolutionary stage of Chinese Homo erectus , the most controversial issue is “whether they are a side–branch of human evolution.” The physical characteristics of Chinese Homo erectus are complex, and the internal variation is very big; thus, different Homo erectus branches or isolated populations probably existed in the late Middle Pleistocene of China. (4) Around 300−100 thousand years ago, some archaic Homo sapiens survived in China; they exhibit a morphological mosaic of East Asian and western contemporaries. During this period, it is probable that many types of ancient humans of genetic mixture existed in China. New human fossil evidences of two early Late Pleistocene crania from Lingjing, Xuchang provide a morphological mosaic relative to their western contemporaries. The two fossils exhibit similar pan-Old World trends in encephalization and in the supraorbital, neurocranial vault, and nuchal gracilization and reflect east Asian ancestry in a having low, sagitally flat and inferiorly broad neurocranium. They also display an occipital and temporal labyrinthine morphology similar to that of the Neandertals. This morphological combination reflects Pleistocene human evolutionary patterns in general biology, regional continuity, and interregional population dynamics. (5) Early modern human fossils have been found from several other sites in China, including Huanglong Cave, Zhiren Cave, and Daoxian. The findings indicate that early modern humans emerged about 100 ka BP in southern China, and fully modern morphology appeared 120−80 ka BP in some regions of southern China. At the same time, in northern China, human groups represented by Xujiayao still maintained primitive morphology and did not evolve into early moderns. Both early modern humans and fully modern humans probably first emerged in southern China, and then dispersed north. Available fossil evidence shows that Late Pleistocene humans in southern China exhibit pronounced variations, and several different evolutionary groups may exist. (6) Based on current human fossils and research progress, it is difficult or impossible to determine if early Chinese modern humans descended from Africa, local archaic humans, or were a crossbreed of the two.

Symposium on ‘Human evolution: ancestors and relatives’

Intelligence is not a property unique to the human brain; rather it represents a spectrum of phenomena. An understanding of the evolution of intelligence makes it clear that the evolution of machine intelligence has no theoretical limits — unlike the evolution of the human brain. Machine intelligence will outpace human intelligence and very likely will do so during the lifetime of our children. The mix of advanced machine intelligence with human individual and communal intelligence will create an evolutionary discontinuity as profound as the origin of life. It will presage the end of the human species as we know it. The question, in the author's view, is not whether this will happen, but when, and what should be our response.

P.1.g.006 A selective blockade of 5-HT7 receptors promotes cognitive flexibility in rats

Sexual experience enhances cognitive flexibility and dendritic spine density in the medial prefrontal cortex

Differential Prefrontal White Matter Development in Chimpanzees and Humans

Increases in endocranial volume (a measure of brain size) play a major role in human evolution. Despite the importance of brain size increase, the developmental bases of human brain size evolution remain poorly characterized. Comparative analyses of endocranial volume size growth illustrate that distinctions between humans and other primates are consequences of differences in rates of brain size growth, with little evidence for differences in growth duration. Evaluation of available juvenile fossils shows that earliest hominins do not differ perceptibly from chimpanzees (Pan). However, rapid and human-like early brain growth apparently characterized Homo erectus at about 1 Ma before present. Neandertals show patterns of brain growth consistent with modern humans during infancy, but reach larger sizes than modern humans as a result of differences in later growth. Growth analyses reveal commonalities in patterns of early brain size growth during the last million years human evolution, despite major increases in adult size. This result implies consistency across hominins in terms of maternal metabolic costs of infancy. Continued size growth past infancy in Neandertals and modern humans, when compared to earlier hominins, may have cognitive implications. Differences between Neandertals and modern humans are implied, but difficult to define with certainty.

Event Abstract Back to Event The antagonism between cognitive flexibility and stability: behavior, neural bases and interindividual differences Kai Ueltzhöffer1, 2*, Diana J. Armbruster1, 2, Ulrike Basten2 and Christian J. Fiebach1, 2 1 BCCN Heidelberg-Mannheim, Germany 2 Goethe-University Frankfurt, Institute for Psychology, Germany In the present study, individual differences in cognitive flexibility and stability and their neural bases were examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Starting from computational models of working memory by Durstewitz and Seamans (2008), a new behavioral paradigm was developed, allowing us to assess cognitive flexibility in terms of task switching costs as well as cognitive stability in terms of distracter suppression. Individual differences were additionally captured by the relative number of switches in an ambiguous condition. The behavioral data showed reliable switching and distracter costs as well as an increased difficulty in the ambiguous condition, both in reaction times and error costs. Task performance relied on a distributed system of lateral and medial frontal, parietal and occipital regions. Cognitive flexibility additionally induced increased activation in the middle frontal gyrus/inferior frontal sulcus, while distracter suppression elicited increased activation in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Individual differences in cognitive flexibility modulated prefrontal processes, such that less flexible persons showed increased activity in the right inferior frontal junction area (IFJ) and bilateral DLPFC during task switching. The results of this study support a dichotomy of cognitive flexibility and stability and give first hints to the neural bases of interindividual differences in cognitive stability and flexibility. References Durstewitz, D., and Seamans, J. K. (2008). The dual-state theory of prefrontal cortex dopamine function with relevance to catechol-o-methyltransferase genotypes and schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 64, 739–749. Keywords: Dopamine, dual state theory, Flexibility, interindividual differences, Neurons, networks and dynamical systems, stability Conference: BC11 : Computational Neuroscience & Neurotechnology Bernstein Conference & Neurex Annual Meeting 2011, Freiburg, Germany, 4 Oct - 6 Oct, 2011. Presentation Type: Poster Topic: neurons, networks and dynamical systems (please use "neurons, networks and dynamical systems" as keywords) Citation: Ueltzhöffer K, Armbruster DJ, Basten U and Fiebach CJ (2011). The antagonism between cognitive flexibility and stability: behavior, neural bases and interindividual differences. Front. Comput. Neurosci. Conference Abstract: BC11 : Computational Neuroscience & Neurotechnology Bernstein Conference & Neurex Annual Meeting 2011. doi: 10.3389/conf.fncom.2011.53.00150 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 22 Aug 2011; Published Online: 04 Oct 2011. * Correspondence: Mr. Kai Ueltzhöffer, BCCN Heidelberg-Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany, kueltzho@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Kai Ueltzhöffer Diana J Armbruster Ulrike Basten Christian J Fiebach Google Kai Ueltzhöffer Diana J Armbruster Ulrike Basten Christian J Fiebach Google Scholar Kai Ueltzhöffer Diana J Armbruster Ulrike Basten Christian J Fiebach PubMed Kai Ueltzhöffer Diana J Armbruster Ulrike Basten Christian J Fiebach Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Gangestad, Simpson, An Introduction to The Evolution of Mind: Why We Wanted This Book. Part I: Methodological Issues: The Means of Darwinian Behavioral Science. Issue I: How the Evolution of the Human Mind Might Be Reconstructed. Thornhill, Comprehensive Knowledge of Human Evolutionary History Requires Both Adaptationism and Phylogenetics. Hagen, Symons, Natural Psychology: The Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness and the Structure of Cognition. Andrews, Reconstructing the Evolution of the Mind is Depressingly Difficult. Smith, Reconstructing the Evolution of the Human Mind. Mithen, How the Evolution of the Human Mind Might Be Reconstructed. Issue II: The Role of Tracking Current Evolution. Crawford, Reproductive Success: Then and Now. Mulder, On the Utility, Not the Necessity, of Tracking Current Fitness. Reeve, Sherman, Why Measuring Reproductive Success in Current Populations is Valuable: Moving Forward by Going Backward. Issue III: Our Closest Ancestors. Stanford, What Nonhuman Primates Can and Can't Teach Us about the Evolution of Mind. Silk, Who Lived in the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness? Lancaster, Kaplan, Chimpanzee and Human Intelligence: Life History, Diet, and the Mind. Issue IV: The Role of Examining the Costs and Benefits of Behaviors. Kaplan, Gangestad, Optimality Approaches and Evolutionary Psychology: A Call for Synthesis. DeScioli, Kurzban, The Games People Play.Kenrick, Sundie, Dynamical Evolutionary Psychology and Mathematical Modeling: Quantifying the Implications of Qualitative Biase. Part II: Fundamental MetaTheoretical Issues. Issue V: The Modularity of Mind. Ermer, Cosmides, Tooby, Functional Specialization and the Adaptationist Program. Barrett, Modules in the Flesh. Issue VI: Development as the Target of Evolution. Honeycutt, Lickliter, The Developmental Dynamics of Adaptation. Sterelny, An Alternative Evolutionary Psychology? Barrett, Development as the Target of Evolution: A Computational Approach to Developmental Systems. Lieberman, Evolutionary Psychology and Developmental Systems Theory. Thornhill, The Importance of Developmental Biology to Evolutionary Biology and Vice Versa. Issue VII: The Role of Group Selection. Wilson, The Role of Group Selection in Human Psychological Evolution. Boyd, Richerson, Group Selection: A Tale of Two Controversies. Kurzban, Aktipis, On Detecting the Footprints of Multilevel Selection in Humans. Part III: Debates Concerning Important Human Evolutionary Outcomes. Issue VIII: Key Changes in the Evolution of Human Psychology. Barrett, Cosmides, Tooby, The Hominid Entry into the Cognitive Niche. Flinn, Alexander, Runaway Social Selection in Human Evolution. Mithen, Key Changes in the Evolution of Human Psychology. Issue IX: Brain Evolution. Kaplan, Gurven, Lancaster, Brain Evolution and the Human Adaptive Complex: An Ecological and Social Theory. Dunbar, Evolution of the Social Brain. Miller, Brain Evolution. Finlay, E Pluribus Unum: Too Many Unique Human Capacities and Too Many Theories. Issue X: General Intellectual Ability. Geary, The Motivation to Control and the Evolution of General Intelligence. Kanazawa, The g-culture Coevolution. Mithen, General Intellectual Ability. Issue XI: Culture and Evolution. Boyd, Richerson, Cultural Adaptation and Maladaptation: Of Kayaks and Commissars. Boyer, The Envelope of Human Cultures and the Promise of Integrated Behavioral Sciences. Flinn, Coe, The Linked Red Queens of Human Cognition, Coalitions, and Culture. Hill, Evolutionary Biology, Cognitive Adaptations, and Human Culture. Kurzban, Representational Epidemiology: Skepticism and Gullibility. Schaller, Turning Garbage into Gold: Evolutionary Universals and Cross-Cultural Differences. Issue XII: The Evolution of Mating between the Sexes. Buss, The Evolution of Human Mating Strategies: Consequences for Conflict and Cooperation. Wood, Eagly, Social Structural Origins of Sex Differences in Human Mating. Thornhill, The Evolution of Women's Estrus, Extended Sexuality, and Concealed Ovulation, and Their Implications for Human Sexuality Research. Gangestad, Simpson, Whither Science of the Evolution of Mind?