The Course of Industrial Development Influencing Smallholder Farmers’ Peace in the Face of Structural and Cultural Violence: The Case of Lume District, Oromia, Ethiopia

Learning From the Past and Working in the Present to Create an Antiracist Future for Academic Medicine.

Research on infant and child paleopathology is central to understand the human condition. This chapter demonstrates how structural violence is useful for exploring the multivocality of infancy and childhood in paleopathology. We highlight relevant examples from the paleopathological literature, beginning with a brief description of the framework of structural violence. We review some of the work that has been conducted on traumatic injuries and explore debates about applying the concept of structural violence to evidence for past violence. Next, we briefly examine the recent focus in paleopathology on the maternal-fetal nexus as a contributor to infant and child health and lifelong experience, and how this approach can be extended using the structural violence framework. Finally, we highlight research on the varied and adaptive nature of family relationships and structures and how these support systems may be constrained and/or provide resilience in the face of structural violence.

quiet and fearful as the military remains a constant and aggressive presence. Varas’s investigation leads him into a literal underworld beneath the town. He encounters a mysterious woman named Valentina inside the mucky tunnels and brings her back to the surface with questions he is not sure he wants the answers to. He learns of five blind men who seem otherworldly and powerful. As he investigates further, a story of terror unfolds. Poso Wells is a perfect complement for the current political state of the United States and the hopelessness caused by constant access to terrible news via social media. The story speaks to the delusion and god complex involved in wanting to lead an entire nation and the destructive power of indifference and greed. It also touches on the silence behind the pervasive violence women encounter in their daily lives. Alemán has created a disturbing, absurd, at times heart-wrenching story about the atrocities committed by patriarchs in power and the difficulty in fighting against colonialism. If anything, Poso Wells is a book about perseverance and resilience. It speaks to the fight human beings have inside them when they feel powerless. Their power is in protesting historical, structural violence and existence as resistance. Rios de la Luz El Paso, Texas Lagos Noir Ed. Chris Abani. New York. Akashic Books. 2018. 217 pages. In the nearly fifteen years since Akashic Books premiered its Noir anthology, the short-fiction series has examined the criminal and often perilous reality of the most densely populated regions around the world. Continuing its trend of illuminating local literary giants and conjuring an almost mythological sense of mystery, Lagos Noir is a striking collection of prose birthed from Nigeria’s largest city. Partitioned into three movements focused on crime, family turmoil, and migration, respectively , the text rarely stutters with the thematic corners it explores. The curation shines in blending starkly different voices as each sequential episode dovetails into the next with ease. For instance, the first part, “Cops and Robbers ,” begins with a tale of police corruption, framing concepts like extortion and brutality, so the following works require little elaboration . The final part, “Arrivals and Departures,” is a bit less fluid in this fashion but still justified in its independence nonetheless. Covering one of the widest spectrums of genre-inspired stories, Chris Abani is as masterful as he is meticulous in his assembly of noir. Whereas Chicka Unigwe’s “Heaven’s Gate” details the plight of a young up-and-comer struggling to survive in Lagos’s often apathetic streets, Wale Lawal ’s “Joy” examines the dark considerations and resolve spurred from postpartum terror . Moments of action, contemplation, and dark humor yield a flavorful vision of the collection’s titular locale. A few installments are clear standouts, but their placement does little to sabotage the weight of neighboring entries. Among the strongest, A. Igoni Barrett’s “Just Ignore and Try to Endure” tethers an unending plague of vermin with the plight of advancing one’s station in a graceful yet grotesque manner. ‘Pemi Aguda’s “Choir Boy,” on the other hand, is an abrasive chronicle of human trauma and the development of apathy in the face of violence. Though the deliberation is a bit unclear, the seemingly immortal and eponymous figure of Nnedi Okorafor’s “Showlogo” is oddly yet comically placed behind Unigwe’s tragic “Heaven’s Gate.” The mingling of myth with reality and the subtle connections between each narrative are the strongest indicators of text’s power as an anthology. Lagos Noir is a colorful and harrowing vision preserving the distinct voice of each contributor contained within its pages. The collection carries a moving and self-contained quality while simultaneously sparking hope that the Noir series will eventually forge its way into further explorations of Africa. Daniel Bokemper Oklahoma City World Literature in Review 78 WLT SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 2018 ...

This article is based on a choice posed to Karen Atala Riffo by the Chilean Supreme Court in 2004: to exercise the role of mother or to exercise her sexuality - but not both. It intends to observe the interrelationships between the categories gender, sexuality and reproduction based on the study of the Case Atala Riffo and Children vs. Chile, at the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, understood as an international Justice and Dispute System, through the case study methodology. Still, in addition to discussing the recognition of sexual orientation as a category protected by the American Convention on Human Rights, this work seeks to reflect on the discourse used by both the Chilean and Inter-American Courts regarding the relationship between motherhood and non-heterosexual orientation. In the end, after reassembling in historical perspective the relations of domination that subjugate motherhood to heteronormativity, it aims to question the effectiveness of the Inter-American decision in the face of violence against the LGBTQIA+ community. In the end, it is concluded that the Justice Systems for Conflict Resolution, although they have promoted advances in Human Rights, still face the challenge of structural gender violence.

Phenomenologies of Violence presents phenomenology as an important method to investigate violence, its various forms, meanings, and consequences for human existence. On one hand, it seeks to view violence as a genuine philosophical problem, i.e., beyond the still prevalent instrumental, cultural and structural explanations. On the other hand, it provides the reader with accounts on the many faces of violence, ranging from physical, psychic, structural and symbolic violence to forms of social as well as organized violence. In this volume it is argued that phenomenology, which has not yet been used in interdisciplinary research on violence, offers basic insights into the constitution of violence, our possibilities of understanding, and our actions to contain it. Contributors include:Michael D. Barber, Debra Bergoffen, Robert Bernasconi, James Dodd, Eddo Evink, Kathryn T. Gines, James Mensch, Stefan Nowotny, Michael Staudigl, Anthony J. Steinbock, and Nicolas de Warren.

The mention of the terms ‘healing, truth and reconciliation’, conjure up different meanings across religio-political, social and economical divide in Zimbabwe. This paper seeks to explore the possible implications of the reading of Matthew 18:21-22 in relation to reconciliation in the face of continual and structural violence in Zimbabwe. This rose as a result of the multiple reconciliation undertakings that have been witnessed by the Zimbabweans since the attainment of Independence in 1980. These healing whistles have been sounded in 1980, 1987 and recently 2008 after the brutal violence that took place in different shapes and depth. Most of the victims belonged to both political parties but mostly opposition parties save the violence before Independence as shall be shown in this paper. What is interesting is that, the recent 24-26 July 2009 healing calls by Mugabe are no longer a new phenomenon in Zimbabwe, as they do not produce any positive change on people’s behaviour and attitude; when it comes to how Zimbabwean people should relate and integrate each other without resorting to violence in the face of different political views. Surprisingly the calls for peace, unity, reconciliation, integration and forgiveness have left the Zimbabwean society more: wounded, divided and polarised than healed; and more disintegrated than integrated. How does one reconcile with someone who murdered your father, raped your mother or sister in your face; and that person is not made accountable for his actions but is only asked to apologize? This paper seeks to argue that healing or any reconciliation without the seeking of truth and justice is a goose chasing as it still leaves Zimbabwe a ‘violence infested’ country. I also take issue with Religious Leaders who quote Matthew 18:21-22; as a precursor for unconditional forgiveness on the part of the victim when it comes to reconciliation and healing in Zimbabwe.

In this themed issue of the Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, each contribution deals with a different face or aspect of violence. A first block, comprising three articles, deals with Gender-Based Violence (GBV): The first article draws a picture of the general situation of Gender-Based Violence (GBV), its numbers, causes, intersectionalities, and consequences, and reflects upon implications for action. The second article focuses on a particular face of GBV: Intimate partner violence IPV, and determines, based on the analysis of DHS data from Peru, the persistence and perpetuating effects of personal history of violence on the likelihood of IPV. The third article on GBV addresses a different aspect: distorted thoughts about women in a sample of men imprisoned for violence against women in Spain, including thoughts on the culture of honor, gender stereotypes, and jealousy and infidelity as justifiers of gender violence. A second block of articles deal with other forms of social violence: The fourth article reviews literature on the variables associated with adolescent antisocial behavior, such as: family and peers with antisocial backgrounds, antisocial peer attitudes, alcohol consumption, offensive behavior, education level, perception of safety in the community, and attention deficit hyperactive disorder, to find support for a bioecological model as a plausible framework for understanding antisocial behavior in juvenile offenders. The fifth article analyzes two experiences in educational settings, with children, young university students, and graduates, aimed at reconstructing and re-processing collective memories with regard to violence during the two decades of armed conflict in Peru. A sixth article experimentally proves the effects of a pedagogic module on political violence in Peru on knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions with regard to violence as a means to exert social control or social domination.

This study examines the nexus of memory, resistance, and decolonization in Kashmir through a Fanonian interpretation of Farah Bashir’s poems Don’t Remind Me of My flaws and To the Disappeared. Drawing from Frantz Fanon’s Black Skins, White Masks, and The Wretched of the Earth, this article explores how Bashir’s poetry reflects the psychological wounds of colonization and the resistance of Kashmiri people in the face of settler-colonial violence. This study situated Kashmir within the framework of settler colonialism, highlighting the ongoing processes of cultural erasure, enforced disappearances, and systematic violence. Bashir’s poetry functions as a tool of resistance. Don’t Remind Me of My Flaws reveals the internalized alienation and trauma imposed by the colonizer and To the Disappeared memorializes the victims of enforced disappearances. By foregrounding the role of literature in anti-colonial struggles, this article underscores the importance of Kashmiri voices in resisting violence. Finally, it argues that memory, as manifested in Bashir’s poetry serves as a radical act of resistance against the erasure of Kashmiri history and identity.

The story of the Arab spring uprising has unfolded quite differently in Libya than in its neighboring countries. In February 2011, civilian protests were met with brutal military oppression. Following this, the UN Security Council issued a resolution to protect civilians and launch targeted attacks against the Qaddafi regime. On October 21, 2011, the head of the TNC (National Transitional Council) declared Libya to be a liberated state. Women have been very involved and engaged during 2011 and throughout these past four years. They were present and active in political protests, organizing humanitarian relief and in some cases right behind rebel forces at the frontlines. However, they now face discrimination and violence not only by the various armed groups but also by the government and the political arena. The Constitutional Declaration of Libya contains clear references to equal rights, and states that all citizens are equal before the law in enjoying civil and political rights, equal opportunities, and the duties of citizenship without discrimination based on religion, sect, language, wealth, sex, descent, political views, social status, regional, family, or tribal affiliations (Constitutional Declaration 2011). However, the reality does not reflect the legislation and rights socially and culturally. This chapter is based on a peace theory of direct violence, structural violence, and cultural violence; in order to transform conflict, these three aspects need to be addressed. I selected three aspects that can be applied to the theory, an ongoing armed conflict/war, the political instability, the insurgency of extremists groups, and their effect on Libyan women’s participation in politics and social life.

Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Philippe Bourgois (eds.), Violence in War and Peace: An Anthology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2004, 496 pp. Violence in War and Peace: An Anthology brings together 62 essays by 50 authors and a lengthy introduction by the editors, Nancy ScheperHughes and Philippe Bourgois. Seasoned ethnographers and leading researchers in the fields of political and medical anthropology, the editors share a commitment to political advocacy and teaching. Their brand of anthropology is driven by a passion for becoming thickly and tensely involved in and lending an ethnographic voice to pressing social problems. volume is a fine example of this commitment to ethnography. It showcases the great relevance of ethnographic research and writing-compared to other approaches-for thinking about and suffering. This collection will be an invaluable resource for teachers and learners, a comprehensive anthology for introductory classes, or a companion volume for more in-depth seminars. introduction, like the volume itself, is divided into 11 sections that deal with different types of violence: genocide, complicity and blame, communal and state-sponsored violence, revolution and social upheaval, crime, torture, gendered violence, colonialism and conquest. This volume is difficult reading-not so much dense or turgid but wounding, troubling, for the reader will find some of the best attempts of the last century to translate the pain, uncertainty, and absurdity of into an at least somewhat understandable format. We find that it is our lack of clarity about that empowers us to try to understand its many faces. It, the editors say of violence, is ambulant and multivalent, never fully within our grasp. Yet the editors do succeed in developing synthetic claims about what is, how it works, and what we can do about it. First, like produces like, begets violence. Violence intensifies, sometimes exponentially, sometimes gradually. Structural violence, such as extreme poverty, can translate into more intimate or domestic forms of violence. Political fuels and feeds on symbolic whereby collective senses of blame, victimization, and marginalization are embodied and reproduced in sign systems. second, what is named is a matter of perspective, depending on historical conventions, consolidations of knowledge and power, cultural representations, and the media. Particular acts of can alternatively be perceived as depraved, glorious, sensible, or insane. Third, the most compelling argument of the volume, is a social process. One perspective that is rejected from the beginning is a commonsense, reductive view of as socio- or psychobiological. Whether or not is hard-wired, genetic or hormonal is neither as interesting nor as urgent, the editors write, as the very human face of violence (3). Readers will find that it is this dimension that gives its meaning and force. Understanding why people kill and do involves understanding social worlds as political and historical products. Most of the chapters are written by cultural anthropologists, or at least are ethnographically oriented. Besides the editors, we read Michael Taussig, Veena Das, Paul Farmer, among others. Yet the ethnographic voice does not stand alone, and a short review cannot do justice to the range of genres, methodologies, and viewpoints found therein. One need only peruse the table of contents to get a sense of the variety. Journalistic pieces, such as the haunting selection from Philip Gourevitch's We Wish To Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families, which describes Rwanda genocide experiences, are set alongside fiction, such as the excerpt from Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness that opens the volume or some George Orwell. There is a selection on The Gray Zone from Primo Levi's masterpiece, Drowned and the Saved, theoretical pieces by Agamben, Fanon, Bourdieu and Scarry, and even a couple of cartoon selections from the famous art-text by Art Spiegelman, Maus: A Survivor's Tale. …

Access to credit is crucial for the economic development and sustainability of smallholder farmers in rural areas. In the context of Malang, East Java, Indonesia, this study delves into the factors that influence smallholder farmers' access to credit. Smallholder farmers play a pivotal role in ensuring food security, agricultural, and livestock productivity in Indonesia, making it imperative to understand the determinants of their credit access. This research was conducted between July and August 2023, employing a Probit Model and descriptive statistics to analyze data collected through a survey questionnaire. A multistage random sampling technique was employed, encompassing 70 smallholder dairy farmers in Malang. Findings from the Probit Model unveiled that several factors significantly affect the decision of smallholder farmers to adopt credit access. These factors include education levels among farmers, cattle ownership, access to the internet, participation in livestock training programs, and the employment of family members. The positive influence of these factors emphasizes the importance of targeted interventions to enhance smallholder farmers' credit access. To promote the adoption of credit access among smallholder dairy farmers in Malang, collaborative efforts between stakeholders and government entities are essential. These efforts should focus on improving the availability of livestock-related training programs and enhancing internet accessibility, particularly to bolster the sustainability of the livestock sector, with a specific emphasis on dairy farming. Such measures can help uplift the livelihoods of smallholder farmers, foster agricultural growth, and contribute to overall rural development in the region.

Climate change is a major development challenge affecting developing countries that rely on rain-fed agricultural production for food and income. Smallholder farmers in these countries are using multiple adaptation practices to manage the effects of climate change. This chapter examines household and community-level factors that influence smallholder farmers’ level of adaptation to climate change in the Hwedza District in Zimbabwe. Data for this study were collected from 400 randomly selected smallholder farmers, using a structured questionnaire, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. The study used a multilevel modeling approach to examine the factors that influence smallholder farmers’ level of adaptation to climate change. Results from the study show that smallholder farmers’ level of adaptation to climate change is conditioned by access to extension services, access to remittances, family labor, household education (household level factors), and linking capital (community-level factor). This chapter therefore concludes that smallholder farmers that have higher levels of adaptation to climate change are those that are well linked to external organizations and have access to agricultural extension services. The chapter recommends that adaptation to climate change can be enhanced by improving access to agricultural extension services and promoting linkages with external organizations that provide information on agricultural adaptation practices.

Climate change is a major development challenge affecting developing countries that rely on rain-fed agricultural production for food and income. Smallholder farmers in these countries are using multiple adaptation practices to manage the effects of climate change. This chapter examines household and community-level factors that influence smallholder farmers’ level of adaptation to climate change in the Hwedza District in Zimbabwe. Data for this study were collected from 400 randomly selected smallholder farmers, using a structured questionnaire, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. The study used a multilevel modeling approach to examine the factors that influence smallholder farmers’ level of adaptation to climate change. Results from the study show that smallholder farmers’ level of adaptation to climate change is conditioned by access to extension services, access to remittances, family labor, household education (household level factors), and linking capital (community-level factor). This chapter therefore concludes that smallholder farmers that have higher levels of adaptation to climate change are those that are well linked to external organizations and have access to agricultural extension services. The chapter recommends that adaptation to climate change can be enhanced by improving access to agricultural extension services and promoting linkages with external organizations that provide information on agricultural adaptation practices.

Agricultural development is a powerful tool for raising incomes for deprived population in developing countries, such as Kenya and to support livelihoods by ensuing food security. This has seen the agricultural sector position itself as an engine for sustainable development and economic growth in Kenya. However, the profile of the farming community in Kenya is mainly female smallholders who are illiterate and that practice traditional farming methods. Therefore, there is urgent need to examine emerging digital tools that can support these farmers, and to adopt these tools accordingly to meet their farming needs. In this regard, this paper seeks to explore the willingness and ability of these smallholder farmers to accept and adopt ICT-in-agriculture innovations towards supporting their farm operations, improving their farm productivity, and providing readily and accessible market for their produce. Specifically, this study identifies the factors that influence smallholder farmers’ decision on ICT innovations adoption in agriculture, and examines how these factors are perceived by smallholder farmers on adoption of ICT innovations. The study was carried out in Siaya County, Kenya with sample population of 100 smallholder farmers. A simple random sampling was used, with questionnaires used to collect data. The findings from this study indicate cost, illiteracy, ICT skills, quality of the information and gender as some of the key factors that influence smallholder farmers’ choice and decision on ICT-in agriculture innovations to adopt.

Smallholder farmers access to climate information and climate smart adaptation practices in the northern region of Ghana