Abstract
BackgroundMelioidosis is a frequently fatal disease requiring specific treatment. The yield of Burkholderia pseudomallei from sites with a normal flora is increased by culture using selective, differential media such as Ashdown’s agar and selective broth. However, since melioidosis mainly affects people in resource-poor countries, the cost effectiveness of selective culture has been questioned. We therefore retrospectively evaluated this in two laboratories in southeast Asia.Methodology/Principal findingsThe results of all cultures in the microbiology laboratories of Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos and Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia, in 2017 were reviewed. We identified patients with melioidosis who were only diagnosed as a result of culture of non-sterile sites and established the total number of such samples cultured using selective media and the associated costs in each laboratory. We then conducted a rudimentary cost-effectiveness analysis by determining the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per DALY averted and compared this against the 2017 GDP per capita in each country.Overall, 29 patients in Vientiane and 9 in Siem Reap (20% and 16.9% of all culture-positive patients respectively) would not have been diagnosed without the use of selective media, the majority of whom (18 and 8 respectively) were diagnosed by throat swab culture. The cost per additional patient detected by selective culture was approximately $100 in Vientiane and $39 in Siem Reap. Despite the different patient populations (all ages in Vientiane vs. only children in Siem Reap) and testing strategies (all samples in Vientiane vs. based on clinical suspicion in Siem Reap), selective B. pseudomallei culture proved highly cost effective in both settings, with an ICER of ~$170 and ~$28 in Vientiane and Siem Reap, respectively.Conclusions/SignificanceSelective culture for B. pseudomallei should be considered by all laboratories in melioidosis-endemic areas. However, the appropriate strategy for implementation should be decided locally.
Highlights
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an important but under-recognised public health problem throughout the tropics [1]
Melioidosis is a frequently fatal disease caused by a soil bacterium called Burkholderia pseudomallei, that is widespread in the rural tropics
We have looked at the results of a year’s bacterial cultures in two different laboratories in southeast Asia to identify how many patients were only identified using these special culture techniques, how much it cost, and whether the investment was considered worthwhile in terms of the gain in healthy life years in these patients who might otherwise have died had the disease not been diagnosed
Summary
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an important but under-recognised public health problem throughout the tropics [1]. In sites with a normal flora, where it may be overgrown by other bacteria, the yield of culture can be improved by using selective differential media, such as Ashdown’s agar and broth, that suppress the growth of other organisms and encourage the formation of characteristic colonies [2, 3] We have used these media routinely in our laboratories in melioidosis-endemic areas for more than 30 years, and have shown that they increase the number of cases of melioidosis diagnosed [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. We retrospectively evaluated this in two laboratories in southeast Asia
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