The cost of ecological protection and restoration: Evidence from the impact of the Shan-shui project on land values

Applying the driver-pressure-state-impact-response model to ecological restoration: A case study of comprehensive zoning and benefit assessment in Zhejiang Province, China

Crown Cork and Seal Company Inc. engaged Gray Trucking Company to dispose of hazardous waste materials, which were, allegedly, improperly dumped adjacent to Howard Vroom's property, contaminating well water. The Vrooms sued and prior to the trial were awarded a settlement from the trucking company. Thereafter, a jury awarded Vroom an additional settlement from Crown Cork and Seal. In an appeal, Crown Cork and Seal argued that the proper measure of damages should have been the cost of restoration rather that the difference in the value of the land before and after the contamination. The Florida appellate court disagreed, ruling that depreciation in the value of the land was the proper measure of property damages.

A linear programming Monte Carlo method (LPMC) is proposed to achieve the optimal restoration of the whole degraded coastal wetland ecosystem, i. e. the minimum restoration cost, in the case of uncertain ecological restoration costs of different degraded coastal wetlands. LPMC can comprehensively and systematically complete the dynamic analysis of coastal wetland ecosystem restoration cost, including the uncertainty analysis of ecological restoration cost and the screening of equivalent robust solutions. The applicability of this method is demonstrated by solving a practical problem of ecological restoration of coastal wetlands. The results show that this method can generate the robust optimal solution block for the globally optimal objective function and decision variables under the condition of restoring cost uncertainty, including a variety of optimal solutions adapted to the different needs.

Research on the value assessment methods for natural resource damage on typical uninhabited islands: A case study of an uninhabited island subject to tourism development.

In order to protect the aquatic ecological environment of Juzhang river, control the pollution, and protect the safety of drinking water quality, and make the water resourcesuse sustainably as well as promote the coordinated development of basin economic construction and environmental protection, its necessary to conduct the research of aquatic ecological environment protection and restoration of Dangyangdistrict of Juzhang River area in Yichangcity. The measurements of area water ecological protection and restoration were made for water pollution treatment, safety protection of domestic water resource and ecological restoration for the problems of Yichang river area water environment under the direction of Tai lake area treatment experience according to the principle of water environment protection and ecological restoration. The five measurements about the sum controlling for the river entry pollutants, the comprehensivetreatment for water environment, thefull precaution and full controllingfor industrial pollution, the construction of base facilities for water environment, the cooperation treatment for villages environ-ment. The four measurements of the ecological protective belt, man-made wet soil, biological mani-pulation and water plant ecological restoration were applied in the area water ecological restoration. The good effectiveness was obtained through the series of major projects.

The Yellow River Source Area is located in the ecological protection and restoration area of the Sanjiangyuan in China, which has been deteriorating as a result of human-caused overgrazing and the grassland destruction caused by plateau rats and rabbits, as well as the influence of other natural factors. The Yellow River Source Area is an important area that implements ecological restoration and protection in the Three Rivers Source Region, where the ecologically vulnerable areas that are of great significance to the implementation of ecological restoration in national land space should be identified and the early warning should be extended. This measure can help us identify potential ecological problems and take timely and targeted protection measures to ensure the health and sustainable development of the ecosystem in the Yellow River Source Area. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the ecological vulnerability of the Yellow River Source Area and the establishment of an early warning mechanism are of vital importance for the protection and restoration of the ecology of the national space in the Yellow River Source Area. Aiming to comprehensively delimit ecological restoration areas in the Yellow River Source Area and provide an early warning, this study applies the MSPA method to identify ecological source areas and uses a patch importance index to identify the importance of ecological source areas, along with extracting potential ecological corridors by using the MCR model, screening important ecological corridors by using the gravity model as a criterion, and simulating land cover changes in 2030 under the limitations of ecological security pattern by using the PLUS model. The results show that: (1) 154 potential ecological corridors were extracted based on the MCR model, with a total length of 7891.90. (2) The total area of the landscape types in the Yellow River Source Area was 12,301 based on MSPA analysis, including the 6899.57 of core area. (3) Based on the PLUS model, the area of farmland and forest in the study area will decrease, while the grassland area will increase. According to the studies, the grassland in the study area expands in a circular pattern towards the surrounding wetland and water area, threatening the ecological sources and corridors. In summary, the study delimits one protection zone in the ecological source land and two core ecological restoration zones and points out the early warning points in the ecological protection space. The delimitation and instruction provide specific spatial guidance for the protection and restoration of ecosystems in order to promote ecological sustainability.

Multi-objective ecological restoration priority in China: Cost-benefit optimization in different ecological performance regimes based on planetary boundaries

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 祁连山山水林田湖草生态保护与修复的探索与实践 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201906111231 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目（41977415）；国家重点研发计划项目（2017YFF0206802） Exploration and practice of ecological protection and restoration about mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands in the Qilian Mountains Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: National Natural Science Foundation of China, “Topography-soil-vegetation response mechanism and geomorphologic remodeling of open pit coal mine dump on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau” (41977415);National Key R&D Program “Research on General Technical Standards for Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration” (2017YFF0206802) 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:遵循“山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体”的先进理念，实施生态系统的整体保护、系统修复、综合治理，是加强生态文明建设的新举措。现阶段生态保护与修复的研究主要集中在内涵、机制及启示等方面，为“山水林田湖草”生态保护修复提供了理论与技术支撑，但缺乏系统性的梳理与总结。以中国重要生态功能区祁连山为例，以生态地位、退化现象及成因为切入点，结合已开展的生态保护修复工程，总结了典型生态保护修复措施，提出了有针对性的策略与建议，旨在为山水林田湖草生态修复提供模式示范。祁连山生态退化的原因主要为：全球气候变暖、人类活动干预、传统发展理念制约及环境保护投入不足等。典型生态保护与修复措施已涵盖了“山水林田湖草”各个方面，但在工程实践中如何有机整合各项措施，使生态系统成为“生命共同体”仍是未来探索的科学问题。生态保护修复的理论与实践还需完善以下内容：加强基础调研与科技创新；加强统一规划与协同管理；积极完善生态补偿机制；建立由“开刀治病”工程治理向“健康管理”自然恢复逐步引导的生态修复理念。 Abstract:Following the advanced concept of "taking mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands as a life community", the implementation of overall protection, system restoration, and comprehensive management of ecosystems is important for promoting the development of ecological civilization. Currently, related research mainly focuses on connotation, mechanisms, and enlightenment. This provides theoretical and technical bases for the ecological protection and restoration of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands but lacks systematic combing and summarization. Using the Qilian Mountains, which is an important ecological function area in China, as a case study. Based on the ecological status, degradation phenomenon and cause, the present study summarizes the typical ecological protection and restoration measures, proposes targeted strategies. The aim of the study is to provide a model demonstration for the ecological restoration of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands. The main drivers of ecological degradation include global warming, human activity, restriction of traditional development concept, and insufficient investment in environmental protection. Typical ecological protection and restoration measures have covered all aspects of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands, but how to organically integrate engineering measures to transform ecosystem into "life communities",it still require further exploration. The theory and practice of ecological protection and restoration need to be improved by strengthening basic research and technological innovation, strengthening unified planning and collaborative management, actively improving the ecological compensation mechanism, and establishing the ecological restoration concept from project management to natural restoration. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

The protection and restoration projects of the mountain-river-forest-field-lake-grass (MRFFLG) system are the mainstream focus of China’s current ecological environment protection. A reasonable method for calculating ecosystem service values (ESVs) is a prerequisite for determining the ecological service functions of a watershed. However, how to effectively implement and evaluate the systematic nature of the ecological protection and restoration of the MRFFLG system remains one of the pressing issues. This paper takes the protection and restoration project of the MRFFLG system in the Hunjiang River Basin (HRB) of Jilin Province, China, as an empirical case. Firstly, it constructs an ESVs system to quantify the comprehensive ecological protection and restoration effects of the MRFFLG system. The results show that the forest ecosystem in the HRB has the highest ecological value. Furthermore, by introducing the interval planning method, an uncertain optimization model is constructed with the objective function of maximizing the ecosystem service value of the HRB, and constraints such as restoration costs, unit restoration price, and restoration area. The results show that the total ESVs has increased, with a maximum increase of 348,413.79 × 104 CNY. Finally, the introduction of the fuzzy method reduced the total interval of ESVs by 49.89%, effectively shortening the assessment interval. This study applies the interval-fuzzy method to the protection and restoration projects of the MRFFLG system, effectively measuring the comprehensive management effects of the MRFFLG system in the HRB. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the development of subsequent MRFFLG projects and offers theoretical references for promoting the ecological environment assessment of the comprehensive MRFFLG system.

An integrated approach to prioritizing ecological restoration of abandoned mine lands based on cost-benefit analysis

Costs of ecosystem restoration on islands in Seychelles

Revealing public preferences regarding the ecological restoration of a river basin and evaluating the associated social benefits provide important references for the development of related policies. Taking the Shiyang River Basin as an example, this study quantified and analyzed the difference in public preferences regarding the ecological restoration of the river basin by the choice experiments method and the random parameters logit (RPL) model. It also evaluated the social benefits of river basin ecological restoration. The results showed that (1) The residents all hoped to improve the ecological environment of the Shiyang River Basin and were willing to bear certain restoration costs. (2) There were significant differences in public preferences for ecological restoration of the river basin. These differences existed between the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the river and between urban and rural residents. (3) The average annual cost of ecological restoration that the basin residents were willing to pay was between 505.833 ∼ 948.571 RMB yuan, and the total annual benefits of ecological restoration were 381.2 million RMB yuan. Based on these conclusions, the following recommendations were made. First, future ecological and environmental policies should be further combined with public preferences; and even cross-regional ecological compensation can be introduced to balance the interests of different social groups, to win public support. Second, increased water-saving technology in industries and agriculture, residents’ awareness of water conservation, and the management of water pollution measures should be promoted in order to improve the ecological environment of the river basin. Third, the budget for the ecological restoration of the Shiyang River Basin should be 381.2 million yuan per year. Costs should be controlled while meeting the restoration goals.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于恢复生态学的泰山地区“山水林田湖草”生态修复研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201906011156 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: Ecological restoration strategies of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands Life Community in Mountain Tai region based on the principle of restoration ecology Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:目前大多地方生态修复工作往往是对各类生态系统分割式治理，不利于生态系统的整体修复。“山水林田湖草是生命共同体”理念要求各生态要素和生态系统之间的协同特征和有机联系，恢复生态学理论则关注受损生态系统的驱动因素、生态恢复的路径和干预措施，两者的结合能够为生态保护和修复提供坚实的理论和技术基础。基于恢复生态学理论，以泰山地区为研究对象，运用物能循环和转化的生态学原则对受损生态系统生态关键问题进行诊断，明确了“山水林田湖草”生命共同体中的各要素（子系统）在生态过程中的相互影响及相互制约关系，厘清了泰山地区矿山开采（地质受损）-植被破坏-水土流失-景观失调的生态受损与退化机制，在此基础上提出了“地貌重塑、植被重建、水体重构、景观重现”的生态恢复思路。并尝试构建包含生态风险、生态状况和生态恢复能力三重准则共13项指标的评价体系，以期通过生态恢复效果的评价与监测引导生态恢复目标的有效实现。 Abstract:Most existing ecological restoration practices carry out the segmented governance of various ecosystems, which go against the comprehensive ecological protection and restoration. The principle of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands being a life community demands the synergistic characteristics and organic links between ecological factors and ecosystems, while the ecological restoration theory focuses on the driving factors of damaged ecosystems, the path of ecological restoration, and intervention measures. The combination of above two can provide a solid theoretical and technical basis for ecological protection and restoration. Based on the theoretical connotation of restoration ecology, taking the Mountain Tai Region as the research object, this paper diagnosed the regional ecological problems and clarified the formation mechanism by applying the ecological principles of physical energy cycle and transformation. The mutual influences and restraints among various elements (subsystems) of the life community were specified and the ecological degradation mechanism of mining activities (geological damage)-vegetation degradation-soil loss-landscape disorder was determined. Therefore, this paper proposed the path of "landform remodeling, vegetation recovery, water body reconstruction and landscape reproduction". Meanwhile, this paper attempts to build an evaluation indicator system consisting of 13 indicators from three perspectives including ecological risk, ecological status, and ecological resilience. Through assessing the effectiveness of ecological restoration, the goal of effective ecological restoration can be well guided and fulfilled. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 河南省南太行地区山水林田湖草生态保护与修复 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201906031172 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 山水林田湖草系统修复技术标准体系框架研究，自然资源部国土整治中心（2019-17-02） Ecological protection and restoration of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands in Nantaihang area, Henan Province: integrated landscape management Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:综合景观管理是基于可持续土地管理（SLM）、可持续林业管理（SFM）和水资源综合管理（IWRM）提出的生态保护和修复方法，强调区域整体性、系统性和多功能性。《河南省南太行地区山水林田湖草生态保护与修复工程实施方案》还在规划设计阶段，概括分析了《河南省南太行地区山水林田湖草生态保护与修复工程实施方案》中提出的区域生态环境条件、问题、总体思路和目标、总体布局和生态功能分区、主要任务和工程等，并提出管控、修山、治水、护渠、复绿、整地、扩湿等综合性生态修复策略，实施矿山环境治理、流域水环境生态修复、生态系统保护、土地整治与污染生态修复、重要生态系统保育与生物多样性维护、科技创新工程，体现系统性和整体性。在此基础上，文章提出应加强综合景观管理，主要包括开展基于“生命共同体”的系统规划设计，加强“生命共同体”景观特征和生态过程研究，提升实施项目的多功能性，加强工程技术集成应用和研发，加强公众参与与合作等建议。 Abstract:Integrated landscape management is an ecological conservation and restoration method based on Sustainable Land Management (SLM), Sustainable Forestry Management (SFM), and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), emphasizing regional integrity, systematicness, and multifunctionality. "The Implementation Plan for Ecological Protection and Restoration of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands in the South Taihang Area of Henan Province is still in the planning and design stage. This paper summarizes and analyzes the regional ecological environment conditions, problems, general ideas, objectives, overall layout and ecological function division, main tasks, and projects proposed in the "Implementation Plan for Ecological Protection and Restoration of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands in the South Taihang Area of Henan Province, and proposes comprehensive ecological restoration strategies such as management and control, mountain cultivation, water control, canal protection, re-greening, land preparation, and humidity expansion. We aim to implement the environmental management of mines, watershed ecological restoration, ecosystem protection, land consolidation and pollution ecological restoration, important ecosystem conservation and biodiversity conservation, and scientific and technological innovation projects, representing systemic, and holistic methods. Thus, the paper proposes that the integrated landscape management should be strengthened, including the systematic planning and design based on "life community", strengthening the study of "life community" landscape characteristics and ecological processes, enhancing the multi-function of the implementation projects, strengthening the application, research, and development of engineering technology integration, and strengthening public participation and cooperation. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

区域生态安全格局构建对提升生态系统服务功能提供了重要路径，同时统筹各种生态要素进行生态保护与修复分区也是新时期做好生态修复的重要举措。以济南市为例，基于现状生态系统类型分布，聚焦生态本底和地质灾害敏感性的特征，基于形态学空间格局分析方法和自然保护区结合进行生态源地提取。采用夏季降水、植被覆盖度、坡度3个地质灾害敏感性因子修正基本生态阻力面。并采用最小成本路径方法（Least-Cost Path method，LCP）提取生态廊道，构建了市域的生态安全格局。采用电路理论进行生态关键区域（生态"夹点"和生态障碍点）的识别，进一步划分生态修复改善区，并对此提出针对性的生态保护修复策略和工程措施。研究表明：1）市域生态源地的个数为35个，面积为567.15 km²，主要类型为林地和草地。空间上主要分布南部山区。生态廊道818.42 km，平均廊道长度为12.99 km，廊道分布存在较为明显的空间分布差异性，整体呈现出"一屏、一带、三轴"的生态安全格局。2）识别的生态修复关键区包含生态"夹点"25处，历城区生态"夹点"分布最为密集。全市亟需修复的生态障碍点共34处，面积为6.90 km²，主要分布章丘区。生态改善区共识别2994.84 km²，近期亟需修复的面积为96.1 km²，主要分布在长清区、历城区、莱芜区。3）通过对比生态修复关键区和现状土地利用类型，因地适宜的制定了生态修复策略与工程措施布置指引方向。研究结果可为济南市国土空间生态修复规划提供一定的技术支撑，同时也可为其他地质灾害敏感性区域的生态修复规划提供指引。;Construction of a regional ecological security pattern provides an important path to enhance ecosystem service, while the coordination of various ecological elements for ecological protection and restoration zoning is also an important initiative for better ecological restoration in the new epoch. Taking Jinan city as a case study area, we focus on the basal characteristics of regional ecological environment and geohazard sensitivity based on the current spatial ecosystem distribution, the ecological source area was extracted based on Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis and nature reserves. In addition, summer precipitation, vegetation coverage and slope three geohazard sensitivity factors were used to modify the basic ecological resistance surface, and the ecological corridors were identified using Least-Cost Path method (LCP), and as a result, the ecological security pattern of Jinan City was constructed. by the application of circuit theory, critical areas of ecological restoration (ecological pinch point and ecological barrier point) were identified and further demarcated into three different ecological restoration zones, for which targeted ecological protection and restoration strategies and engineering measures were proposed towards those restoration zones. Results indicate that there were 35 ecological sources and covered an area of 567.15 km², and the main ecosystem types were forestland and grassland. Those sources were mainly distributed in the southern mountainous. The ecological corridors with a total of 1548.36 km between them, and the average length of the corridor was 12.99 km. All of them constructed a one screen, one belt and three axes ecological security pattern. Key areas of ecosystem preservation and restoration were identified based on the circuit theory, including a total of 25 ecological pinch points, 34 ecological barrier points, and 6.90 km² of it, and the pinch and barrier points mainly distributed in the Licheng and Zhangqiu District, respectively. A total of 2994.84 km² of ecological improvement areas have been identified, with 96.1 km² in urgent need of restoration soon, mainly distributed in Changqing, Licheng and Laiwu District. Suggestions of restoration and direction of engineering measures were proposed, with a combination of the spatial ecological characteristics and land use types. The results of the study provide some technical supports for the territorial spatial planning and ecological protection and restoration in Jinan and also provide scientific guidance for other geohazard-sensitive areas.