The Contribution of Arabic to the Process of Scientific Advancement in the XIII-XVIII Century AD

Abstract. The angel is a mythological character common to the Turkic peoples. Along with the spread of Islam and the glorification of God, its angels also became popular and praised. The duties and responsibilities of the four great angels given in the Qur’an, as well as people’s views and understanding of them, have been mentioned in the works written over the centuries and have become synonymous with kindness and honesty, purity and chastity. The article focuses on the use of everyday religious legends, fairy tales, and mythological stories about an angel in Turkic peoples and Kazakh poetry. There is a myth at the beginning of every fairy tale and song, that is, today’s fairy tales and songs can be carefully considered, based on certain rules, sorting and separating the ancient ideas about greed.The names of the angels «Gabriel», «Azrael», and «Munkir-Nankir» are found in epics and myths. Angels were messengers between the prophets and Allah, who sent down the Koran from heaven to earth. In this article we mentioned the nature and characteristics of the angel in folklore and literature with the character of «angel» in the Holy Qur’an. Specifically, in the ayats of the Holy Qur’an, Muslims should believe in angels as much as they believe and not question them. They are to be regarded as executors of the command of the Most High. However, in the folklore that arose after the spread and assimilation of Islam, the image of the angel Azariel began to be portrayed in a negative, deadly way. In other words, people adapted to their understanding and way of life. The singing of angels in the image of a beautiful woman and a newborn child is commonplace in Turkic poetry.It is well known that the literature of Turkic peoples has many common characters, similar and recurring plot lines, mythical legends, and folklore genres. One of the important topics is the study of the concept of «angel» common with the Islamic world, the nature and similarity of angelic religious epics in the transmission in the literature of Turkic peoples, the reflection of the image of «angel» in the understanding of people in literature. It is the development of the concept of «angel» that moved from mythology to folklore, from folklore to literature, turned into a motive network of numerous fairy tales and legends, epics, in the process of development the acquisition of individual character traits and descriptions inherent in each of the Turkic peoples, a topic requiring a comparative study. The article, as far as possible, noted the changed version of Әzireil into Esrel, Esrel, Esrelĕ, Esrelĕ; also noted the angels Harut and Marut, which God brought down to earth to help the people who are so strongly endowed with magic; the display in fiction of the angels Mănkүr-Nүkіr and Israfil asking many questions.The artistic image of the mythic hero-Angel, common to the Turkic peoples, is a viable subject. Therefore, it is important for us to understand their essence and meaning. The presentation of the characters common to the mythology of Turkic peoples is a complex and fascinating task.Such research is born only as a result of many years of research. In the future, we will continue our research on the common characters in the mythology of Turkic peoples.

The transformation of old beliefs of Turkic people who lived in the southern regions of Kazakhstan after the arrival of Islam and the innovations that new religion brought to Turkic people will be studied in the article. In particular, in the period from the VIIIth century to the XIIIth century, the policy of the caliphates in the process of spreading Islam to the South of Kazakhstan and the problems that led to its acceptance by local nomadic people for a long time will be considered. Based on the information given on the basis of works of foreign and domestic researchers, the spread of Islamic religion in the southern regions of Kazakhstan - introduction of Islam: the period of hostility and interaction (VIII-IX centuries), the establishment of Muslim power: the spread of Islam among cities and nomads (IX-XI centuries), missionary activities of Sufi sects and widespread spread of Islam among nomads (XI-XIII centuries) are divided into three periods. In the course of the research, the differences and characteristics of religious acceptance of settled people and nomadic people will be studied and the achievements of new religion will be studied. The past and present situation of saint phenomenon among values that arrived with Islamic culture will be differentiated, and etymological meaning of concept of saint in the Holy Qur’an will be differentiated based on the translations published in the Kazakh language.

Allah taught Adam the names of all things and places .That was surely the first piece of geographic al knowledge passed by the C reator to the human race .In this respect of mankind on earth .In pre - Islamic Arabia the Bedouins , who wandered across the Arabian deserts and who were active in the trade because of the strategic position of their homeland, ha d to rely on geographic knowledge to survive in the harsh desert environments. Some of their geographic heritage was portrayed in their poetry, indicating knowledge of trade routes , clouds and wind movements , landforms, water resources and place names. The clear night ski e s gave the Arabs an early interest in astronomy. It was revealed in the Holly Quran, that the moon and the stars were used to fix orientation in the vast barren deserts. With the rise and spread of Islam , 7 th to 14 th c . AD , Muslim geograph ic knowledge had increased considerably as a result of travel for religious and economic reasons. The Hajj or pilgrimage , which takes p l ace once every year, gave Muslims the chance to exchange goals and ideas and to know about far away countries. Moreover , the Holly Quran which was reveal ed to the P rophet Muhammad , peace be upon him, more than fourteen centuries ago, is full of geographic signs including facts about the earth and the universe. There are indications in the Holy Book about the sphericity of the earth, the law of gravity and how the earth and the heavens were first created as one unit and then separated from each other, and how the mountains were created to keep the isostatic balance between the major parts of the earth's crust .There is also reference in the Quran that the U niverse has been expanding since its creation and that it might end up by contraction to its original form at the time of creation. This is a clear reference to what we call now the ''Big Bang Theory and the future of the U niverse. In the same way that Greek and Roman geographic knowledge was built on that of an cient civilizations, Arabs and Muslims were able to build the ir geographic knowledge on their predecessors and made original contributions. Arab and Muslim leadershi p of would culture (7th - 14th c . AD) in Spain (Andalusia) gave them the ability to sow the first se eds of the European Renaissance . Arab and Muslim G eographers have contributed in a substantial way to all the present day branches of modern geography includi ng geomorphology , oceanography , climatology, cultural geography, urban geography, medical geography, cartography as well as astronomy and surveying.

PurposeAlthough knowledge transfer in the context of projects and project-based organizations (PBOs) has gained increasing attention from academia and industry, it is not clear how knowledge transfers from projects to their parent PBOs. This research aims to explore the main factors influencing knowledge transfer from projects to their parent PBOs, and analyze how these factors integrate the transfer process as system components using the system dynamics (SD) method.Design/methodology/approachBased on the literature review, investigation and interview, this paper adopts the event analysis to obtain the influencing factors from historical cases and establishes a conceptual model of knowledge transfer from five dimensions, which simultaneously considers the knowledge sender, knowledge receiver and the relationship between the knowledge sender and receiver, knowledge features and transfer context. Then, the relationships between variables in the qualitative model were clarified, and a quantitative model including seven feedback loops was established using the SD model. Lastly, the system simulation and sensitivity analysis of the main parameters were realized in Vensim PLE software.FindingsThe simulation analysis results show that the model can simulate the knowledge transfer process from projects to the PBO to a certain extent. This research fully demonstrates the impact of variables from five dimensions on knowledge transfer and incorporates the knowledge gap and transfer threshold in the research category. Moreover, the rationality of seven feedback loops proposed in the model was verified. And the effects of various factors on the amount of knowledge transferred and the PBO's knowledge stock were examined through sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, recommendations for developing an integrated knowledge transfer mechanism of PBOs and projects to enhance transfer effect are offered.Research limitations/implicationsThis research provides other researchers with a systematic understanding of transfer process from projects to PBOs, and insight for further research on knowledge transfer in project and organization contexts. Furthermore, this study guides researchers to focus on the causal processes that constitute knowledge transfer and explores the expected and unexpected phenomena generated over time. However, some variables involved in the transfer process are simplified, and the establishment of a more complex dynamic model needs further research and discussion.Practical implicationsBy establishing a simulation model for knowledge transfer from projects to their parent PBOs, this study helps project teams and PBOs grasp the overall picture of the transfer process. Especially, this paper provides target-oriented recommendations for project and PBO managers to implement effective knowledge transfer practices, which have certain practical values for knowledge cultivation, coordination, reuse and innovation in the organization.Originality/valueThis study contributes to knowledge management and project management literature by simulating the knowledge transfer process from projects to their parent PBOs. Additionally, this paper provides a reference for PBO and project managers to establish an integrated knowledge-transfer mechanism in the work process and comprehensively implement effective knowledge transfer practices.

The focus of this article is to examine the historical foundation of the Holy Qur’an’s manuscript in Malaysia, with specific attention to its calligraphic style and illumination. Islamic calligraphy and manuscript traditions hold significant importance within the Malaysian Muslim heritage. These traditions have been inherited and evolved over generations, with the earliest examples of Arabic calligraphy being found in the Holy Qur'an, commonly inscribed in a script known as Kufic. The historical roots of Islam are deeply intertwined with the Holy Qur'an's manuscript, making it a primary source for understanding the advent of Islam. In this research, an extensive array of resources from the Islamic Art Museum Malaysia (IAMM) and the National Library of Malaysia (NLM) were utilised, alongside personal collections and secondary sources. Data analysis involved employing philological, comparative, deductive, and inductive methodologies. Through this approach, it was revealed that the production of Malay Holy Qur'an's manuscripts has been significantly influenced by local creative input and intellectual contributions from regions such as Turkey, China, and Persia. The study particularly accentuates the diverse calligraphic and illumination techniques across different nations. Notably, manuscripts from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, specifically from Malacca and Johor, exhibit distinct artistic qualities that set them apart from those originating from the east coast, including Kelantan and Terengganu. This underscores the prevalence of varied artistic expressions resulting from a broad spectrum of cultural interactions. The development of calligraphy and illumination methods in Malaysian Holy Qur'an's manuscripts mirrors a wide range of artistic expressions, which are shaped by both local innovation and broader Islamic intellectual traditions.

The Holy Quran and the Hadith are the two sources of Islamic teachings, where everything about life and living has been arranged therein. In delivering the teaching, The Holy Quran uses a variety of methods. A method has a very important position to reach its purposes in the spread of Islam because the method is a one way teaching to explain the essence of Islam contained in the Holy Quran and the Hadith that can be understood by humans. One method used is the method of parable. One of the parables that God created is contained in Verses 24-25 of Surah Ibrahim and Verse 29 of Surah Al-Fath of the Holy Quran on the nature of the tree. This research attempts to reveal the parable of the nature of tree in the moral formation of believers, which corresponds to Verses 24-25 of Surah Ibrahim and Verse 29 of Surah Al-Fath.

This research explores the social and intellectual history of Santri in Indonesia as an integral part of the country’s religious and cultural life. This research seeks to reveal the role of Santri in shaping the social dynamics of society, as well as to understand their intellectual contributions to social change in Indonesia from pre-independence to the present day. The research method involves the analysis of historical documents and literature studies to compile a comprehensive narrative of the social and intellectual journey of santri. In this context, the role of the santri, the madrasah, and the pesantren as traditional centers of education that play a vital role in the spread of Islam and the formation of the santri character is analyzed. This research shows that Santri has a dual role as an agent of social and intellectual transformation. The findings of this study are expected to provide in-depth insights into the dynamics of santri in social and intellectual aspects, their role in social change, and the intellectual impact that has been generated. Along with the times, understanding the social and intellectual history of Santri is expected to contribute positively to Indonesian society’s understanding of cultural and religious diversity.

The purpose of this study was trying to explore the influence and relationship between knowledge transfer usefulness, management, initiative, and innovation. The instrument was constructed through literature review and related research scales. Total 26 items were retrieved from related study and modified dependent on exports' recommendations. Total 1,012 valid data were collected based on judgment sampling. The Cronbach's a of instrument was ranged from .878 to .948. The construction validity test was passed. The analysis result shows that knowledge management play strong partial mediator role between knowledge transfer usefulness and knowledge innovation, meanwhile, knowledge transfer usefulness was also the important predictor to knowledge innovation. Hence, the proactive knowledge transfer has moderation effects between knowledge management and knowledge innovation. The research model was established and some conclusions and suggestions were discussed base on the research findings.

Knowledge Transfer Enablers and Innovation Performance of International Strategic Alliances: An Integrated Framework

In the face of intelligent manufacturing (or smart manufacturing) human resource shortage, the training of industrial engineers in the field of intelligent manufacturing is of great significance. In academia, the positive link between learning transfer and knowledge innovation is recognized by most scholars, while the learner’s attitude toward big data decision-making, as a cognitive perception, affects learning transfer from the learner’s experienced engineering paradigm to the intelligent manufacturing paradigm. Thus, learning transfer can be regarded as a result of the learner’s attitude, and it becomes the intermediary state between their attitude and knowledge innovation. This paper reviews prior research on knowledge transfer and develops hypotheses on the relationships between learner acceptance attitude, knowledge transfer, and knowledge innovation.

PurposeBusiness research has highlighted the importance of knowledge transfer and innovation in multinational firms for better performance outcomes. However, the existing body of literature is characterized by differentiated theories, antecedents and outcomes. This study aims to address this gap by adopting a systematic approach to analyze knowledge transfer and innovation literature from the perspective of multinational organizations.Design/methodology/approachThis study follows “preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses” (PRISMA) guidelines for conducting a systematic literature review. The study adopts a systematic approach for analyzing the literature using School of thought (S), Contexts (C), Methodologies (M), Triggers (T), Barriers (B), Facilitators (F) and Outcomes (O) framework (SCM-TBFO framework) devised for holistic literature review. The study analyzes 75 articles from reputed journals from 2000 to 2022.FindingsIn general, knowledge transfer and innovation in multinationals is a relatively new area and is evolving rapidly. There are many opportunities to study the various perspectives that are included in the SCM-TBFO framework. The key schools of thought included the evolutionary theory of innovation, institutional theory and internationalization theory. The studies had differing settings or contexts, including China, Europe, the USA and Taiwan. Further, key methodologies that were used included regression, case studies, structural equation modeling (SEM) and theoretical studies. Knowledge transfer and innovation triggers included competitive advantage, competitive pressure, constant requirements for better products and services, foreign direct investment (FDI) and globalization. Knowledge transfer and innovation facilitators were categorized into strategy-related facilitators, organization culture and orientation-related facilitators, and resource-related facilitators. Knowledge transfer and innovation barriers included autonomy, international knowledge dispersion, risk of knowledge leakage, search breadth, ambiguity and institutional voids. Key outcomes of knowledge transfer and innovation in multinationals included financial performance, innovation performance, knowledge flow, transfer effectiveness, patents and new product development.Originality/valueBy synthesizing the literature, the study aims to provide an overview of the current state of research on knowledge transfer and innovation in multinationals. The study develops a holistic model for fostering knowledge transfer and innovation in multinationals. The proposed novel framework can also be applied to perform a holistic assessment of the current literature in various research domains. Further, the study suggests future theory development and research agendas. The study also provides implications for practitioners using the framework to achieve more desirable outcomes.

A few weeks ago, we published an editorial discussion on whether artificial intelligence applications should be authors of academic articles [1] . We were delighted to receive more than one interesting reply letter to this editorial in a short time [2, 3] . We hope that opinions on this

Orientalism refers to the study of the Eastern world. This movement explores the multiple interpretations of the term in relation to Eastern languages, literatures, civilizations and religions. Most of Orientalists have constantly distorted the image of Islam. Since the beginning of Islam, they have made no effort to shed light on the various aspects and facts of the life of the Prophet Muhammad (saw) as well as the life of Islam in general. As a result, they were unable to understand the basic message of Islam. Prominent in this effort stands William Muir (1819-1905). William Muir was a Scottish modern Christian scholar and orientalist who wrote a large number of books on Islamic studies. To fully understand a researcher’s intellectual contributions, it is necessary to properly examine his theories and methodologies he applied. The theories and methodologies of William Muir in studying Islam played an important role in the Muslim-Christian relation. Muslims and Christian generally believed that the expertise and contributions of Muir in the field of Islamic studies cannot be overestimated. However, William Muir applied so many ways to gain the opportunity to acquire Islamic knowledge and to utilize that knowledge to criticize and condemn the Glorious Qur’an and the Prophethood of Muhammad (saw). The main objective of this paper is to provide the researcher with some essential information regarding Muir’s methodologies that may enable him to objectively analyse William Muir’s different opinions and ideas towards the Glorious Qur’an and the prophethood of Muhammad (saw). The finding shows that Muir applied five different methodologies in order to study Islam, namely Skepticism Method, Historico-critical Method, Epileptic Theory, The Theory of Judeo-Christian Origin of the Glorious Qur’an, and Subjective Approach. It has been shown that Muir's theories and Methodology were greatly influenced by famous orientalists, such as Goldziher, Noldeke, Springer, and others. His choice of language has also been noted, as it has been shown that he used obscene and harsh words towards the Prophet (saw).

The translation history of the Holy Quran into Russian is more than 300 years old and, regarding the growth and spread of Islam in Russia and the role of Russian translations of the Holy Quran in this regard, it is necessary to evaluate the Russian translations of the Holy Quran. The present study aims to evaluate three translations by Ignati Krachkovsky, Valeria Prokhorova, and Nouri Osmanov, among the available Russian translations. All three translators have translated the Holy Quran into Russian without using an intermediate language directly from Arabic. This study focuses on the translation of four lexical combinations from the verb in the Holy Quran. According to the points explained in the school of cognitive semantics, words have a flexible meaning i.e. words have different meanings in combination with other words and, this is true for the words derived from Akhaza. Therefore, the analysis of the combinations in which this verb is used will be a good criterion for evaluating the level of mastery and skill of the translator in the source language. Accordingly, after presenting a brief history of the translation of the Holy Quran into Russian, the translation of Quranic compositions of the verb Akhaza has been validated in the three aforementioned translations. Finally, after evaluating the translations in each case, the suggested Russian equivalents are also provided.

The strange words in the glorious Qur’an, called ‘gharib’ words, are one of the most important examples of linguistic and rhetoric Qur’an inimitability. It materializes the very limits of the Arabs to understand some originally Arabic words in the Qur’an. With the increasing of Qur’anic studies on the one hand, and the spreading of Islam into non-Arabic nations on the other hand, the science of gharib appeared, and gave birth to the creation of gharib glossaries, which started from the time of Sahaba, and which still continues to exist so far. This study tackles the following problematic: “What are the motives of gharib glossaries creation? And what are the main differences in their creation? The study assumes that there are some motives for the creation of gharib glossaries, and some differences in their creation. The study adopts a descriptive and comparative method to describe motives and compare differences. The main results of this theoretical study shows that the motives of creating gharib glossaries lie in rooting gharib science, serving and understanding Qur’an, and serving and enriching Arab language, while the differences lie in the method of ordering gharib words, the method of explaining gharib words, the method of entitling gharib glossaries, and the method of creation between gharib and exegesis scholars. The study aims at highlighting the importance and the specificity of gharib science, and thus, showing the importance of gharib glossaries, so as to facilitate the research process therein, and insist on the necessity of concerting efforts to promote their creation. The study gives roots to gharib science, which in turn gave birth to the gharib glossaries creation. It also sums up the differences in their creation which scholars referred only to some of them and in dispersed references.