The content of Pb and Cd in sediment and oysters in the mangrove area of Kuala Ceurape Bireuen and Udeung Village Pidie Jaya

The Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Fe concentrations in sediments, bottom waters, and benthic macroinvertebrates (Amphipoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Hirudinea, and Oligochaeta) collected at six coastal stations in the Eastern Gulf of Finland were determined with the aim to reveal the features of heavy metals bioaccumulation in the macrozoobenthos. It was shown that benthic macroinvertebrates accumulate Mn, Fe, and Zn more actively than Pb, Cu, and Cd, while Hirudinea and Oligochaeta worms have enhanced accumulative capacities as compared to amphipods and mollusks. A close relationship was found between the Zn and Pb concentrations in the sediments and amphipods, but for the other elements no reliable relationship was observed. It was recommended to use organisms of other trophic levels along with zoobenthos and data on heavy metal concentrations in sediments for chemical monitoring of coastal waters.

Abstract. Kadim MK, Herawati FY, Arfiati D, Hertik AMS. 2022. Metallothionein level in the larva of Cheumatopsyche sp. and the relationship between heavy metal concentration in Bone River, Gorontalo, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 5942-5950. This study aims to confirm that the larvae of Cheumatopsyche sp. contain a metal-binding protein, metallothionein, in their body and correlate it with heavy metal concentrations in the larval tissues and sediments in Bone River. Pb, Cd and Hg concentrations in sediment, tissue and Metallothionein (MT) levels were analyzed in several areas with different metal contamination. The Pb concentration in the sediment averaged 33.6 ppm; Hg 0.17 ppm; Cd 0.125 ppm. Total metals concentration in the whole body of Cheumatopsyche sp. ranged from 0.424 to 0.781, while the MT content ranged from 4637 to 6930 ng.g-1. The results revealed that the larvae could accumulate different metals and be more effective in accumulating Hg than Pb and Cd, regardless of the level of metal concentration in the sediment. Metal concentrations measured in Cheumatopsyche sp. showed a significant correlation with metals in the sediment. Metallothionein levels throughout the larval body showed differences in different areas of metal contamination and this correlated with the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Hg measured in the larval tissue, thus reflecting their bioavailability in the environment. The results also showed that even under exposure to low metal concentrations, MT was still detectable in Cheumatopsyche sp. and proved to be a good predictor of metal accumulation.

The accumulation of Zn, Se, Cd, and Pb and physiological condition of Anadara trapezia transplanted to a contamination gradient in Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia

Although active mining activities in the Old Lead Belt of Missouri ceased in 1968, old tailings piles remain and continue to impact the lead (Pb) concentrations in sediments and fish in the Big River and Flat River Creek in Missouri. A 3-year study was conducted that examined the Pb concentrations in organic-rich sediments, fish fillets, and fish whole bodies at 13 sites in these two rivers. The results showed that the sediments had significantly elevated Pb concentrations near and beyond the tailings piles compared with control sites upstream from the mining activity. The results also showed the Pb concentration in sediments correlated well with Pb concentrations in suckers (r = 0.86, p < 0.0001) and small sunfish (r = 0.82, p < 0.0001). Annual average Pb concentrations in sucker fillets ranged up to 0.67 microg/g (wet weight basis) and exceeded the World Health Organization guidelines of 0.3 microg/g (wetweight basis) at many of the sample sites. Fillets of bass, which feed at a higher trophic level, had much lower Pb concentrations than either suckers or small sunfish, and no bass fillet samples exceeded the WHO guideline. Whole body Pb concentrations in small sunfish were also determined and correlated strongly (r = 0.92, p = 0.0004) with sediment concentrations before leveling at a maximum of approximately 20 microg/g (wet weight basis).

The Mojo Village mangrove forest in Pemalang has undergone environmental degradation due to land conversion into shrimp farming areas. This conversion has led to increased anthropogenic activities, which are potential sources of heavy metal contamination in the waters, particularly lead (Pb). This study aimed to analyse Pb concentrations in sediments and gastropods and assess the potential of gastropods as bioindicators of Pb pollution. Sample preparation followed the USEPA 3051 method, and Pb analysis was conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results identified five gastropod species: Littoraria melanostoma, Littoraria scabra, Cerithidea cingulata, Cerithidea obtusa, and Cerithidea decollata. Pb concentrations in sediments averaged 11.86 ± 1.24 mg/kg, while in gastropods, the average was 0.43 ± 0.16 mg/kg. Although Pb levels in sediments indicate low contamination and no pollution, they may still pose potential biological risks. Cerithidea cingulata and Cerithidea obtusa were categorized as deco-concentrators with the potential to serve as bioindicators of Pb pollution. The study also revealed a very strong correlation between Pb concentrations in sediments and gastropods.

Entry of heavy metals into aquatic environments generally takes place due to human activities like agriculture, combustion, industrial plants, sewage and settlements. Once entered into the aquatic system the heavy metals from different sources pose risk to the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, a detailed investigation of heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, V, Co, As, Mo and Cd) concentration in the bottom sediments of five large Lakes of Raipur was carried out. The data were interpreted in terms of Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment factor (EF), Contamination Factor (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Modified Degree of Contamination (mCd). The study indicates that the degree of heavy metal contamination in the bottom sediments of the five large lakes of Raipur follow the order Maharaja Bandh Talab&gt; Budha Talab &gt; Sarju Bandh Talab &gt; Bhaiya Taraiya Talab &gt; Khokho Talab. Fe, Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb and Mn pose problems to the ecosystem of the Lakes. The contamination level of elements follow the order Zn&gt;Fe&gt;Cr&gt;Mn&gt;Pb. The high Fe, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb concentrations in the sediments of Lakes are mainly caused by the use of pesticide and fertilizer in agricultural areas and runoff from settlements without sewage systems. The highly toxic heavy metals can have adverse impact on the aquatic organisms including fishes. This study warrants a detailed ecotoxicological investigation in the lakes followed by execution of Lake rejuvenation programme.

Spatiotemporal distribution dynamics of heavy metals in water, sediment, and zoobenthos in mainstream sections of the middle and lower Changjiang River

Belitung Regency has significant tin potential, spread across the land, rivers, and beaches which have been mined for hundreds of years. However, tin mining activities are indicated to be a source of pollution in the northern region of Belitung Regency. This study aims to determine the distribution of the lead (Pb) concentrations in sediments and water columns in the northern waters of Belitung Regency and to evaluate the seasonal effect, particularly ocean currents, on the distribution patterns. In situ data were collected during the westerly season, including sediment samples, water column samples, and oceanographic parameters such as seawater quality and current measurements. During the easterly season, only sediment samples were obtained. Pb concentrations in sediments and water samples were analyzed at the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) laboratory using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The results showed that Pb concentrations in sediment samples ranged from 10.08 to 50.08 mg/kg during the easterly season, and from 10.96 to 60.72 mg/kg during the westerly season. In the water column, Pb concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.05 mg/L during the westerly season. The distribution pattern of Pb in sediments in the easterly season tended to spread offshore, while in the westerly season it is accumulated in the river. These patterns are influenced by seasonal flow variations, geographical location, and sediment grain size. Pb concentrations in sediments are higher in the westerly season compared to the easterly season. This is likely due to increased erosion and surface runoff during the rainy season, which leads to greater deposition of heavy metals in marine sediments.

Research has been conducted to determine the concentration of Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) heavy metals in water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in the Indragiri River Waters of Indragiri Hilir Regency in May-July 2016. Determination of the research station was carried out by purposive random sampling by considering environmental conditions based on community activities around the river and the existence of Eichhornia crassipes. The main parameters in this study include the concentration of heavy metals Pb and Cd in river water, sediments and Eichhornia crassipes, and physico-chemical parameters as supporting parameters. The results showed that the average concentration of Pb heavy metals in river water was 0.276 ppm and Cd was 0.126 ppm. The average concentration of heavy metals Pb in sediments was 4.61 ppm and Cd of 0.75 ppm. The accumulation of Pb and Cd Eichhornia crassipest heavy metals is included in the low category, namely the average concentration of Pb heavy metals in the root organ is 3.02 ppm, on the leaf stalk 2.61 ppm, and on the leaves 2.09 ppm. The concentration of heavy metal Cd at the root was 0.47 ppm, at the leaf stalk 0.39 ppm, and at the leaves 0.362 ppm

This research aimed to synthesis and apply of bacterial cellulose-diethylenetriamine as a binding layer on the diffusive gradients in thin films method for preconcentration of labile metal Pb and Cd in aquatic systems and sediment of Palu Bay. The results are expected to be used for the analysis of environmental contaminants aquatic pollutant/sediment replace conventional methods. DGT method easily carried into the field and sensitive to identify certain metal ions. The results showed concentration of heavy metals dissolved in seawater for Pb between 0.024 to 0.048 mg / L, while for Cd between 0.006 to 0.015 mg / L. The concentration of Pb in sediments from 7.426 to 16.043 mg / L and Cd 0.387 to 0.950 mg / L. Partial regression analysis between Pb and Cd concentrations in water with a concentration of cadmium metals Pb and Cd in the sediments showed that the concentration of heavy metals in water has a positive correlation with the concentration of Pb and Cd in the sediment.Keyword: Pb, Cd, DGT, bacterial cellulose-diethylenetriamine, Palu Bay

Heavy metal concentrations in sediment, water and fish in two major rivers (Ankobra and Tano) in major farming and artisanal gold mining areas in Ghana1University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana, 2University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USABackground: Arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) are toxic heavy metals that occur naturally in the environment. However, their levels are on the rise due to anthropogenic activities, including artisanal gold mining thus polluting fresh water bodies and posing a threat to aquatic wildlife, animals and humans.Objective: The aim of the study was to assess As, Hg and Pb concentrations in sediment, water and fishes from the Ankobra and Tano Rivers in the Western Region of Ghana, where human activities; especially artisanal gold mining are suspected of grossly polluting river bodies..Methods: Levels of As, Hg and Pb in different fish species and aquatic media (water and sediment) from the Tano and Ankobra River basins were analysed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) Pinnacle 900T (Perkin Elmer, USA). Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft version 10 excel spread sheet and STATA software version 13 (StataCorps LP, Chicago, USA).Results: Overall, levels of heavy metals were in the order, Hg&gt;As&gt;Pb across study sites. Mean concentrations of Hg and As were highest in fish (2.09±1.29 mg/Kg) and (2.80±1.52 mg/Kg), followed by sediment (1.40±1.78 mg/Kg) and (0.61±0.40 mg/Kg), and water (0.09±0.36 mg/L) and (0.06±0.05mg/L) respectively. Pb levels were highest in sediment (1.46±4.26 mg/Kg), followed by water (0.14±0.10 mg/L), and then fish (0.11±0.11 mg/Kg) respectively. Conclusion: As and Hg levels in both Tano and Ankobra were above the WHO recommended levels for pristine freshwater ecosystems and may therefore pose a threat to aquatic wildlife and human health. Keywords: Tano, Ankobra, Heavy metals, artisanal

Despite numerous advantages, human developments have caused profound impacts on ecosystems, especially on aquatic ecosystems that represent vast development potentials. In order to monitor the health and functioning of such ecosystems, the water physicochemical characteristics have shown limited utility as contamination indicators due to their ever-changing nature (Noori et al., Desalination 2010;260(1–3):129–136). Sediments have been found to be a more reliable and valid indicator of water contamination level. Sediment contamination with heavy metals (HMs) has captured the concern and scholarly attention of many developing countries around the world such as Iran (Nafchi and Chamani, Mar Pollut Bull 2019;149:110494; Zonta et al. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2019; Alahabadi and Malvandi, Mar Pollut Bull 2018;133:741–749; Bagheri and Azimi, J Oceanogr 2015;6(21):27–36; Bahador et al., J Mar Sci Technol 2017;16(3):56–71; Delshab et al., Mar Pollut Bull 2017;115(1):401–411; Haghshenas et al., J Environ Health Eng 2018;5(4):359–374; Shabankareh et al., Environ Earth Sci 2018;77(3):101). Zayandeh-Rood River is the only permanent river in the central plateau of Iran. This river has been subject to an extensive discharge of wastewater and effluents from several points and nonpoint pollution sources. The objectives of the present study were to (1) investigate the Pb and Cd concentrations in surface sediments of the Zayandeh Rud River; (2) compare the resulting Pb and Cd concentrations in sediment with global standards; and (3) assess the contamination level and ecological environmental risk of HMs adopting a number of contamination indices such as bioaccumulation factor, Muller geochemical index (Muller, GeoJournal 1969;2:108–118), contamination degree (Hakanson, Water Res 1980;14(8):975–1001), modified contamination degree, and potential ecological risk index (RI) (Jafarabadi et al., Chemosphere 2017;185:1090–1111). The sediment was sampled through 3 replications at 12 stations along the Zayandeh-Rood river. The mean concentrations of Cd outweighed those of ISQG standards (0.6 mg/kg) while the mean concentration of Pb was within the acceptable ranges of ISQG standard (35 mg/kg). The results of Muller index indicated that all Cd concentrations measured in this research fell within the Moderate/Heavy pollution groups while the concentration of Pb was in the range of Unpolluted/Moderate pollution groups. Cd values showed low/moderate degree at stations 1–6 and Considerable degree at stations 7–12. mCd values showed high and very high degrees of pollution in the studied stations except 1, 2, 3 and 5. CF values of Cd has a considerable and very high degree whereas those of Pb were Moderate. The RI showed low ecological risk at stations 1 and 2, Moderate ecological risk at stations 3, 4 and 5, Considerable ecological risk at station 6 and very high ecological risk at stations 7–12. A significant rise was observed in the level of river pollutants and ecological risk in the downstream of Isfahan City, especially after the wastewater treatment plant (stations 7–12) where any water withdrawal for agricultural and livestock purposes significantly elevates the risk of food-chain contamination with HMs.

The coastal waters of Palu Bay are vulnerable to pollution from various activities of the surrounding population. This study aimed to determine the content of heavy metals Pb, Cd, and Cu in the water and sediment of the coastal waters of Palu Bay. The analysis of heavy metal content (Pb, Cd, and Cu) in water and sediment was conducted using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Based on the research, the results showed that the heavy metal content in the water ranged from undetected to 0.04 mg/L for Pb, undetected for Cd and Cu. The heavy metals content in the sediment ranged from 2.17 to 13.8 mg/kg for Pb, undetected to 0.17 mg/kg for Cd, and 5.02 to 37.67 mg/kg for Cu. The Pb content in the water has significantly exceeded the quality standard as stipulated in the Minister of Environment Decree No. 51 of 2004. The Pb content in the sediment is still within safe limits according to Canadian quality standards. The Cd content in the sediment exceeded the quality standard at station 6, while for the other 9 stations, it was not detected. The Cu content in the sediment at 5 stations (2, 3, 4, 5, and 10) has exceeded the Canadian quality standard of 18.7 mg/kg.

The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in sediments, water, and different plant organs of six aquatic vascular plant species, Ceratophyllum demersum L. Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitchc. & Chase; Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub; Myriophyllum spicatum L.; Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud; and Typha domingensis (Pers.) Poir. ex Steud, growing naturally in the Nile system (Sohag Governorate), were investigated. The aim was to define which species and which plant organs exhibit the greatest accumulation and evaluate whether these species could be usefully employed in biomonitoring and phytoremediation programs. The recorded metals in water samples were above the standard levels of both US Environmental Protection Agency and Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency except for Pb. The concentrations of heavy metals in water, sediments, and plants possess the same trend: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd which reflects the biomonitoring potentialities of the investigated plant species. Generally, the variation of heavy element concentrations in water and sediments in relation to site and season, as assessed by two-way repeated measured ANOVA, was significant (p < 0.05). However, insignificant variations were observed in the concentrations of Pb and Cd in sediments in relation to season and of Cu and Zn in relation to site. Results also showed that the selectivity of the heavy elements for the investigated plants varied significantly (p < 0.05) with species variation. The accumulation capability of the investigated species could be arranged according to this pattern: C. demersum > E. crassipes > M. spicatum > E. pyramidalis > T. domingensis > P. australis. On the basis of the element concentrations, roots of all the studied species contain higher concentrations of Cu and Zn than shoots while leaves usually acquire the highest concentrations of Pb. Cd concentrations among different plant organs are comparable except in M. spicatum where the highest Cd concentrations were recorded in the leaves. Our results also demonstrated that all the studied species can accumulate more than 1,450-fold the concentration of the investigated heavy elements in water rendering them of interest for use in phytoremediation studies of polluted waters. Given the absence of systematic water quality monitoring, heavy elements in plants, rather than sediments, provide a cost-effective means for assessing heavy element accumulation in aquatic systems during plant organ lifespan.

Metal concentrations and risk assessment in water, sediment and economic fish species with various habitat preferences and trophic guilds from Lake Caizi, Southeast China