The conceptions of mechanism of effect of blood as universal medication in xix century

The article analyzes the phenomenon of cultural fracture (shift, breakdown), which reflects the nature of transformational processes in the culture of the end of the XIX — early XX century and focuses on the mechanisms of transmission of the cultural and historical experience of mankind. The dynamic character of changes in the European cultural consciousness on the verge of the XIX and XX centuries, the transition from the classical model of cultural interpretation to the non-classical and post-classical, the role of everyday life in the "inalienable" states of culture has been researched. The connection between criticism of culture and correlation between scientific and art world views of the end of the XIX and the beginning of the XX century has been revealed. The consequences of a total cultural fracture in the human consciousness of European culture in the projections of cultural-traumatic discourse are revealed through the conceptual topography of the XX century culture. The culture of everyday life, which arises in the XIX century as a culture of comfort, has become the cause of a collision between alternative spiritual states of culture, which also caused a situation of fracture. The fracture of culture reveal the inner essence of culture and in the conditions of the anthropological crisis form a new dynamic model of the worldview that includes the past and the future at the same time. If in the classical version of the philosophy of culture the crisis is perceived as a source of eschatological sentiment, then in the non-classical one it acquires signs of an existential crisis, which outlines a new type of "split" cultural consciousness. The sharp change in ideological orientations concentrates the attention of researchers on transitional states of culture, which has a huge evaluetive potential, as the need for their inclusion in the dynamism and the logic of cultural development (O. Losev, N. Mankovskaya, G. Knabe, and others). Actualization in the mental field of modern culture of new meanings and metaphorical concepts - "labyrinth", "rhizome", "fold", "crossroads" is the consequence of the continuation of permanent transition, the state of search in situation of uncertainty. The situation of the XX — beginning of the XXI century is not a fracture, because it is rather a deepening of the tendencies that were laid in the late XIX - XX centuries. Of course, fundamentally new phenomena arise, a new topography of culture is formed, in connection with the advent of information technologies appear new types of identity, which acquires signs of "drifting", cultural-traumatic discourse is formed. However, these processes can rather be defined not as a radical "revaluation of values", but as a "dispersal" of new values acquired during the XX century, "improvement" of new formats of the culture of everyday life, the problems of which arise in the XIX century.

The history of the development of academic orchestral wind instruments performance in Slobozhanshchyna in the XIX — early XX century has many bright pages that have entered the annals of unique artistic events of the city, as well as those that have not yet been analyzed in modern musicology, but significantly enrich the overall picture of the cultural life of the capital of Sloboda Ukraine. References to publications on the pages of the local newspapers “Kharkovskie gubernskie vedomosti” and “Yuzhny kray” significantly supplement certain lacunae that still exist in the understanding of the multi-vector process of formation of the domestic instrumental wind tradition. The purpose of the article: demonstrate the facts of the introduction of orchestral performance on wind instruments in Slobozhanshchyna, not yet used in scientific circulation, and reflecting the perception of these numerous creative actions by the local cultural community. The methodology is based on the principles of a comparative analysis of the principles of activity in Slobozhanshchyna region, and in particular, in Kharkiv region, of serf, military and amateur brass bands, as well as the application of the induction method, which made it possible to generalize the principles of the existence of these collectives in the local cultural space and their contribution to artistic life of Slobozhanshchyna, Kharkiv and other cities of the region in the middle of the XIX and early XX centuries. The musical and local history method was also applied, which contributed to the analysis of the specifics of the musical and cultural preferences of Kharkiv residents. The results. The given examples of the active activity of serf bands, military and amateur student brass bands on the territory of Kharkiv and Kharkiv region testify to their prevalence in the XIX and early XX centuries among different strata of the Kharkiv community and in general a favorable attitude towards such orchestras by both local music lovers and the average public. After the gradual decline of serf orchestras in the 1840s and 1850s on the territory of Slobozhanshchyna in the second half of the XIX century, they were replaced by the performances of the so-called “trumpet choirs” — brass bands of military units stationed in Kharkiv, or specially arrived for the summer season at the invitation of the directorate of recreation gardens. The popularity of wind music in the city led to the emergence of a number of similar amateur student groups at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries, which existed until the time of the national liberation struggles of 1917–1921. Along with the introduction of wind instrument lessons at the music school of the Kharkiv branch of the Imperial Russian Music Society and the performances of young brass musicians in student concerts and the participation of many professional wind instrument performers in theater and opera orchestras. Their activities are analyzed in the works of V. Bogdanov and A. Ovchar. These serf, later military and amateur wind music orchestras, often led by talented conductors, formed a powerful general cultural foundation of Kharkiv and Slobozhanshchyna as a whole. Prospects for further research. Study the possibility of further thorough work in the Kharkiv archives to provide a more complete and detailed panorama of the spread of wind instruments performance in our region.

A continuing downward trend in physical activity of schoolchildren necessitates the search for solutions to change it, which determines the need for a retrospective analysis of the previous experience of cultivating physical culture in educational institutions in Russia, including during evolvement of its theoretical foundations. The purpose of the study is to analyze the views of Russian theorists and practitioners on the content of physical education for students of educational institutions of various profiles in the second half of the XIX – early XX century in Russia. Materials and methods. The research was based on the materials of the First All–Russian Congress on Family Education, the methodological literature and publications in the periodical press of the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries, as well as the results of modern research. The main research methods were the analysis, generalization and interpretation of archival data, information from scientific and methodological literature and publications in the periodical press. Results. The problem of physical activity reduction in schoolchildren and, as a result, degression of their functional state is characteristic not only for the current stage of school educational system development. It also existed in the second half of the XIX century, which was one of the reasons for the revival of public interest in the problems of students’ physical education during the period under study. When considering the historical aspects in the evolvement of theoretical foundations of physical education in Russia, the authors identified various approaches to assess the impact of physical exercises and outdoor games on the success of educational activities of students of educational institutions of various profiles and the development of their personal qualities. The role and the contribution of enthusiasts who influenced the evolvement of physical education system for students in the late XIX and early XX centuries and the development of its theoretical foundations are clarified. Conclusion. Despite contradictory views of researchers in the second half of the XIX century on the role and place of physical exercises and outdoor games in the development of students’ personality, the founders of physical education theory by the beginning of the XX century came to the conclusion that it was necessary to maintain a balance between mental and physical development. At this, the content of physical education of schoolchildren should ensure their comprehensive development, increase the productivity of educational activities and form personal qualities.

The aim of the paper is to give a general description of the chest craft in the context of the history of the Irbit fair (the second half of the XIX century – the early XX century). The paper collects and analyses information from the publications related to the Irbit trade. The information from “The Irbit Fair Reference Book” and “The Irbit Fair Newsletter” was of particular importance. The study is novel in that it is the first to analyse the commercial activities of the owners of chest workshops in the conditions of a large market. As a result, it has been proved that the Irbit fair clearly reflected the characteristic features of the Russian chest production of the late XIX century – the early XX century and the publications associated with it can serve as a reliable source on the history of the chest craft.

Article highlights the origins and the course of research of books and manuscripts, which were kept in the collections of monastic libraries in the XIX - early XX century. Author analyzes historiography of research. The focus is on the scientific achievements of modern Ukrainian authors as – M. Galushko, J. Isayevych, G. Kovalchuk, Alexander Kolosovs‘ka, N. Korolevych, V. Ulyanovsky, S. Sokhan‘, N. Shalashna. Attention is drawn to the occasional amateur and state-organized investigations. Contribution of both individual researchers and scientific societies in the development of book science is defined. The article also defines that interest in the assets of monastic libraries was caused by Empress Catherine II‘s trip to Ukraine in 1795. The organizer of the original research was statesman, philanthropist, collector - Earl M. P. Rumyantsev, who has added to the study of antiquities people as K. F. Kalaydovych, P. M. Stroyev, P. I. Keppen, M. F. Berlynsky. Is noted a significant contribution to historical and searching works of Metropolitan of Kyiv and Galician - Eugene (E. O. Bolhovytinov), which was not only personally interested in the opening, processing, compiling written records, but also encouraged teachers and students to work with KDA books collections in the context of the study of the history of the church. The author states that organized research began with the opening of University of St. Vladimir in Kiev and the formation of various commissions, such as the Kiev temporary committee to review old laws and the activities of scientific societies. Particular attention is given to activity of Church and Archaeological Society, formed at the Kiev Theological Academy, South West Division of Russian Geographical Society, the Kyiv Imperial Russian Military Historical Society. It‘s determined that the objects of scientific research in the nineteenth century were libraries‘ funds of next Kiev monasteries: St.Michael‘s Golden-Domed, Vydubychi, Kiev Pechersk Lavra. Particular attention of scientists of the nineteenth century, was attracted by old synodic, hartiyni lists of Gospels, juridical sources, such as Prava, po kotorym sudytsya Malorossiysky narod, sources on the history of Kyiv, church history, military history, especially those referred to Franco-Russian war in 1812 Keywords: monastery library, book and manuscript collections, scientific research, library collections, scientific societies.

Introduction. Against the backdrop of increased government participation in the economic development of the country, support for agricultural engineering was seen as one of the tools for transformation in the agricultural sector, as well as a way to increase public welfare. In addition, the government was interested in the growth of agricultural production and exports, which became one of the most important sources of foreign exchange funds. This article will attempt to explore the position of the state and the forms of its participation in the development of agricultural engineering in Russia. Special attention will be paid to the process of folding the corporate organization of manufacturers of agricultural machinery and implements, against the backdrop of the strengthening of monopolistic trends in the Russian economy in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Materials and Methods. In solving the research problems, archival materials, published data of official statistics, and also scientific literature were used. The study was conducted on the basis of the principles of historicism, objectivity and system approach. The need to process quantitative data necessitated the use of a statistical method. The use of modernization theory made it possible to include the development processes of the production of agricultural machinery and implements in the trend of industrial modernization. Results. Based on a study of archival and published sources, as well as available scientific literature, the main development problems were identified, and the evolution of government policy in the field of agricultural engineering in the late XIX – early XX centuries was examined. Against the backdrop of increased government participation, the processes of capital self-organization are shown, the forms and results of interaction between government structures and corporate-monopoly organizations in the development of this industry are studied. Discussion and Conclusion. At the end of the XIX and beginning of the XX centuries, state participation in the development of the industry took place in two directions. Firstly, the customs regulation of imports of agricultural machinery, which was protectionist in nature. Secondly, direct support to manufacturers of machinery and complex technical devices for agriculture (bonuses and soft loans to owners of specialized enterprises, assistance in the transportation and marketing of products, etc.). In parallel, there was a consolidation of domestic manufacturers of agricultural machinery and implements in order to exchange experience, jointly solve the most pressing problems and lobby their interests in government circles. Since 1907, congresses of Russian manufacturers of agricultural machinery and implements began to be regularly held. In fact, this corporate organization has transformed into a monopolistic type of association. The study showed that the interaction of government structures and corporate-monopoly associations of manufacturers of agricultural machinery and implements, despite some differences, was generally cooperative in nature and had a very positive effect on the development of the industry.

Over the centuries, the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi and the ancient buildings next to it have witnessed many political, economic and historical changes. The holy place, which in the XIIth century was a place of pilgrimage among the people, was transformed and equipped by Emir Timur in the XIVth century. Later, in the everyday capital of the Kazakh Khanate, these places were also witnesses of many historical events, and the article tells about the position of this place, the mausoleum and nearby historical sites in the XIXth century and the beginning of the XXth century. The position of the mausoleum, its premises, fortifications around the city in the early XIXth century, during the reign of the Kokand Khanate, as well as monuments located near Azret Sultan for centuries are described. The fate of the Azret Sultan mausoleum and the mausoleums adjacent to it was associated with politics and events during the reign of the Kokand Khanate and the Russian Empire. The article contains notes of researchers who at that time wrote about the position of the mausoleum, drawings and photographs of research by military and scientists. Particular interest are the written information of the XIXth century left by M.S. Bekchurin, P.I. Lerhom, I.I. Pashino, A.K. Gaines, photos, Turkestan album by V.V. Vereshchagin, the work of an amateur archaeological circle. A comprehensive study of the mausoleum can be found in articles and works of P.N. Akhmerova, A. Divaeva, N.S. Lykoshin. The article tells about the mausoleum, its position, research and renovation in the XIXth century and the beginning of the XX th century

The paper deals with the problem of occupational injuries in the daily life of the workers of the metallurgical industry of Ukraine in the late XIX and early XX centuries. During this period, the tendency to increase the level of occupational injuries among Ukrainian metallurgists dominated. The analysis of accidents statistics at the mining enterprises showed 3 spikes of occupational injuries: 1897-1899, 1900 and 1904. This can be explained, first, by the opening of new enterprises, which led to an increase in the number of employees, and secondly, the adoption of new legislative acts , which regulated the complete registration of all accidents at industrial enterprises.The analysis of the periodicals in the early of the XX century, reports of physicians and official statistical sources helped to comprehensively analyze the main causes and types of occupational injuries. The nature of the injuries was varied. Most of them occurred due to falling or striking heavy objects. Burns and injuries due to faulty equipment were one of the most common causes of injury in the workplace. For example, in 1901, every 38-th employee suffered from a fall or strike with a heavy subject, every 114-th of the burns, and every 127-th was injured due to defective equipment at the metallurgical plant.Complex production processes at the new metallurgical enterprises, exhausting working conditions, inexperience, inattention of newly-arrived workers and neglect of their safety rules were the main causes of accidents at metallurgical plants of Ukraine in the late XIX and early XX centuries. The issue of medical care for Ukrainian metallurgists is inextricably linked with the theme of work. In order to regulate medical assistance, the government in 1866 adopted a resolution obliging business owner to take measures for timely medical care. The factories opened hospitals. This has had a positive impact on providing first aid to the victims and their further treatment.

The article examines the history of establishment of the Kharkiv Practical Technological Institute in the broad context of modernization processes. The history of the Practical Technological Institute in Kharkiv is considered in the context of socio-economic changes in the South of the Russian Empire, primarily in the "Ukrainian provinces", in the last third of XIX – early XX centuries. The methodological basis of the article is the modernization approach. Changes that took place in the Russian Empire in the last third of the XIX – early XX century are considered as a modernization movement. Modernization is understood as a complex number of transformations that society is undergoing on the path of development from traditional agricultural to urban and industrial. We proceed from the fact that modern society of that time was aware of the speed of industrial production, the need for qualified engineering personnel. The training of such personnel required the opening of local higher education institutions. The processes of industrialization, migration and urbanization, due to the modernization theory, were the main components of social development in the XIX century. The approach chosen by the authors allowed to analyze the formation of higher technical institutions in the Russian Empire, on the example of the Kharkiv Practical Institute of Technology, within these changes. The approach within the new imperial history enabled us to take into account the socio-political subtext of the situation and the decisions that contributed to the establishment of technical universities in the south of the empire. An important aspect of our article is the European context. We investigated the general tendencies of opening similar to Kharkiv educational institutions. We can see certain commonalities, which allows us to explore the problem more deeply. We came to the conclusion that, the emergence of a higher technical educational institution ‒ Kharkiv Practical Technological Institute, in Kharkiv was due to the demand of local elites, which was met by the highest bureaucracy of St. Petersburg, as well as the situation in the city itself. This compromise did not cancel the rivalry, both at the highest bureaucratic level – the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of National Education, and at the regional level, in particular Kharkiv university elite and the inspirers of the idea of a separate technical institution.

The purpose of this article is to learn the chronology of introduction in the musical-cultural way of life of Kharkiv of Western European and the Eastern European stringed instruments (zither, guitar, mandolin, balalaika, domra). The study of chronology is aimed at a more active introduction of the facts of use of string-plucked instruments in Kharkiv into the scientific circulation. The methodology for writing this article is the combination of comparative, cultural and historical, musicological approaches and methods. The result of scientific research of this article is demonstration of chronology of activities in Kharkiv of musicians-tourers, who were performers and teachers of play on the string-plucked instruments. The concert activity of amateur Kharkiv bands was analyzed. The mass implementation of ensembles and orchestras of guitarists — mandolinists — balalaika players in the early XX century is noted. Affinity of formation of such ensembles and orchestras in Kharkiv with Western European ensembles and orchestras is emphasized. The evolution of the development of amateur performance on string-plucked instruments in the largest cultural center of Slobozhanshchyna is traced. The number of names of musicians — tourers and local performers, teachers, heads of visiting professional and Kharkiv amateur groups of the late XIX and early XX centuries is entered into scientific circulation. The combination of Western European and local factors in the distribution and popularization of ensembles and orchestras of guitarists — mandolinists — balalaika players on the territory of Kharkiv was emphasized. Influence of Western European bands and tourers — performers on zither, guitar, mandolin on instillation and consolidation of local amateurs and, subsequently, the first professionals’ interest to the national folk string-plucked instruments is revealed. The increase in the popularity of string-plucked ensembles and orchestras among various social strata of Kharkiv society — apprenticeships, students, workers of various industries, Kharkiv intelligent environment is indicated. The mainly charitable activities of such string-plucked is emphasized. The repertoire of such groups is highlighted. The scientific novelty. For the first time, a chronology of the activities of touring musicians — performers on zither, guitar, mandolin and teachers playing these and similar instruments is traced. The concert activity of amateur Kharkiv bands was highlighted and analyzed according to chronology, the mass implementation of ensembles and orchestras of guitarists — mandolinists — balalaika players in the early XX century is noted. The affinity of principles in the compositions of such collectives in Kharkiv with Western European ones is defined. The practical significance of the article. The results of the study can be used in lecture courses on the history of folk instrumental performance, the history of the development of folk instruments in Slobozhanshchyna, the history of intercultural relations in the field of musical art.

The article is devoted to the characteristics of animal and bird sacrifices performed by the Udmurts in the late XIX and early XX centuries. The paper is based on materials collected by the author in 1993–2009. There are used folklore and ethnographic data on the Udmurt beliefs and rituals conducted both in the late XIX – early XX centuries and the late XX – early XXI centuries. We applied comparative, typological methods and the method of ethnographic parallels. It is traced that in the late XIX – early XX centuries, and later, when praying to deceased ancestors, gods and spirits, people were made gifts such as meat, plant, material, monetary and symbolic. It was revealed that the Udmurts brought meat sacrifices mainly during summer agricultural rituals, funerals and commemorations. At the same time, the blood of animals and birds was considered a preferable sacrifice, because it symbolized the soul, the essence of a living being. When slaughtering animals and birds, in order to reliably get blood to deities and spirits, it was allowed on the ground, splashed into a fire, on a tree or pole and drained into water. It is noted that according to Udmurt beliefs, such ritual actions endowed people with health, protected them from misfortunes and the evil eye and ensured the fertility of the land, livestock and poultry.

The paper explored livestock farming‟ growth in the high-land Dagestan in the XIX century and impact the cattle-breeding exerted on the farming growth due to its leading position in this sector of national economy of Dagestan over the period explored. The study also mentioned specif-ic patterns of keeping stock used to apply in the highlands of Dagestan. Attention has been paid to raising crops, cat-tle-breeding operations, having impact on the advancement of the Dagestan region community over the period speci-fied. The author has drawn attention to uneven trend of economic growth in Dagestan of the XIX and early XX cen-turies. Speaking about the feudal trend emerged in the Avarian society, scholars have argued in a traditional style that it followed the path of cattle-breeding‟ advancement, with the cattle stock concentrated at the disposal of the feudal mi-nority, and evolution of patterns of land ownership related to this main trend of economy growth as well.

The first research on the history of diplomatic relations between the Emirate of Bukhara and the Russian Empire began in the XIX century. It is expedient to study how the diplomatic relations between the two countries were studied by Russian historians in the XIX and early XX centuries through historical research. This article discusses the general features of research in this period and the issues that are in their focus.

The philosophical and legal approaches to understanding the essence of legal consciousness deformations in Ukrainian and Russian scientific thought of the late XIX – early XX centuries are considered. The works of such outstanding thinkers of the past as P.I. Novgorodtsev, I.A. Ilyin, N.N. Alekseev, L.I. Petrazhitsk, B.I. Kistyakovsky and others. The emphasis is made on the distinction between two types of legal consciousness – natural and positive, the mismatch between which leads to a spiritual crisis and, as a result, deformations of legal consciousness. It is noted that it is Russia that is considered the birthplace of legal nihilism. It is emphasized that the undeveloped legal awareness of the intelligentsia and ordinary people of the then Russia and Ukraine was the result of the absence of any rule of law in the everyday life of the people. The article investigates that the doctrine of the deformation of consciousness is part of the general theory of justice and began to be actively discussed since the end of the twentieth century, mainly in the territory of the former USSR. Since the theory of deformation of consciousness is under development, we turned to its origins, which can be found in the works of prominent Russian and Ukrainian great-grandchildren of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It should be noted that in this historical period Ukrainian and Russian scientific thought were closely intertwined, were in the same legal field and often eminent philosophers and lawyers, such as, for example, B.I. Kistyakovsky, are considered representatives of both states.

Sámi Literature in Norwegian Language Arts Textbooks