The Competitiveness Advantage of Indonesia’s Spaceport from the Porter Diamond Perspective

Development and distribution of the IEA CCS model regulatory framework

On February the 09th, 1993 the first satellite developed, assembled, integrated and tested in Brazil was successfully launched by a Pegasus series type rocket, from the Kennedy Space Center and its intended 1 year long life has already been extended by nine years. Since then Brazil is developing their own national space programs as well as international programs in collaboration with China, France, Argentine, USA and others countries. The costs, complexity and risks control needs in those programs have dramatically increased in the last ten years. This changing scenario implies new challenges to the Brazilian space industry (in order to offer competitive products and services) and to the Brazilian space authorities to support this effort. Additionally the Alcântara Launch Center – CLA commercialization effort implies the need of compliance with national and international safety regulations. To respond to these requirements the Brazilian Space Agency – AEB have started some initiatives, two of them are related to Quality issues. The first one, QUALIESPACO is dedicated to meet the needs for space related standards production and utilization in the Brazilian space industry and governmental agencies. It means to identify the needs, to support the efforts to overcome these needs together with the Brazilian National Standards Body – ABNT and to disseminate the results. The second one, SINACESPACO is dedicated to develop a National Certification System of Brazilian suppliers of products, services, materials and operators. The system with an accreditation board, laboratories and certification bodies will be a tool to support governmental acquisition of space related products and services as well as the regulatory effort related to safety. Another objective is to help the competitiveness of Brazilian space suppliers and the Quality of Brazilian space products. __________________________________________ INTRODUCTION In 1979 Brazil have decided to start a space program called MECB Brazilian Complete Space Mission, with the following objectives: • Development, launching and operation of small applications satellites; • Development of a satellite ground segment; • Development and qualification of a Satellite Launcher Vehicle VLS; • Development and operation of the Alcântara Satellite Launching Center CLA. The development of the satellites and the related ground segment became responsibility of INPE, the Brazilian Institute for Space Research, a civilian organization under the auspices of the Ministry of Science and Technology. The development of the VLS and of the CLA launch center became responsibility of the Brazilian Air Force. Most of the MECB development was done inside the governmental organizations, with an internal effort related to Quality and Safety management. In 1988 Brazil and China have started the joint satellite program CBERS – China Brazil Earth Resources Satellite, with the aim of development, launching and operation of two large Earth observation satellites1. INPE became responsible for the Brazilian tasks in this cooperative development, with new challenges related to Quality and Safety management of space products because: • The sharing of responsibilities between both partners. • The different technical cultures and experiences. • Most of the Brazilian subsystems development was done by suppliers, outside INPE. • The complexity, the risks and the high cost of the project. • The logistics problems. 54th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law 29 September 3 October 2003, Bremen, Germany IAC-03-IAA.6.1.02 Copyright © 2003 by the International Astronautical Federation. All rights reserved. 2 In 1994, AEB, the Brazilian Space Agency, a civilian organization, was created with the mission of coordinating the space research effort in Brazil. The main objectives of AEB are: • To define the police related to space activities in Brazil. • To plan the space activities development in Brazil. • To assure and control the budget to the space programs development. • To manage the international cooperation programs. • To support the Brazilian space industry development. • To define the regulation applicable to the space activities in Brazil. SATELLITE PROGRAMS PAYLOAD LAUNCHING DATE ATTITUDE CONTROL MASS (kg)

With an increased focus on the benefits afforded by advances in space exploration, this chapter examines the lack of ethical underpinning in space activity. It is suggested that policymakers within national space agencies and commercial ventures have been understandably, focused towards the technical, and to a lesser extent the political dimensions of space activity at the expense of ethical considerations. This chapter considers the underpinning ethics of space governance and establishes normative values in respect of space law, human spaceflight, orbital debris and the protection of extraterrestrial environments. The chapter argues that the search for a normative ethical position underpinning space activity is important for future sustainable space activity as an increasing range of diverse actors seek to exploit the opportunities afforded by the space industry.

The study aimed to analyse international legislation in the space industry and the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as to establish the legal framework for the activities of private entities and international space agencies. For an effective study of the topic, terminological, hermeneutical, comparative, and historical methods were used in the study. The study described the commercialisation of space technologies and space in general, identifying current problems and prospects. In particular, the article studies the issue of knowledge transfer and identifies the key role of international cooperation in this transfer. The main international regulatory framework in the field of space activities was also analysed. The legal basis for the activities of leading international space agencies (National Aeronautics and Space Administration and European Space Agency), private companies (Space Exploration Technologies Corporation and Blue Origin), as well as the space committee of Kazakhstan – Aerospace committee of the Ministry of Digital Development, Innovations and Aerospace Industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan was established. The study identified the guiding principles for the activities of public and private institutions established by international space law (exploration of outer space and use of its objects for peaceful purposes, prohibition of appropriation of celestial bodies, non-discrimination, etc.). The study highlighted the need to ensure international cooperation. This concerns cooperation between the public and private sectors in the implementation of common space goals and objectives to increase the potential of space technologies. The study also emphasises the importance of states’ compliance with treaties on outer space activities, as well as their harmonisation with national legal acts

Capacity building in space law and space policy

In the not-so-distant past, space access and air/space technology superiority were within the purview of the U.S. and former Soviet Union's respective space agencies, both vying for global leadership in space exploitation. In more recent years, with the emergence of the European Space Agency (ESA) member countries and Asian countries joining the family of space-faring nations, it is truer now more than ever that space access and utilization has become a truly global enterprise. In fact, according to the Space Report 2007, this enterprise is a $251-billion economy. It is possible to gauge the vitality of worldwide efforts from open sources in today's transparent, media-based society. In particular, print and web broadcasters regularly report and catalog global space activities for defense and civil purposes. For the purposes of this paper, a representative catalog of is used to illustrate the nature of the emerging globalization. This paper highlights global trends in terms of not only the providers of space access, but also the end-users for the various recently accomplished missions. With well over 50 launches per year, in recent years, the launch-log reveals a surprising percentage of cooperative or co-dependent missions where different agencies, countries, and/or commercial entities are so engaged presumably to the benefit of all who participate. Statistics are cited and used to show that recently over d0% of the 50-plus involved multiple nations working collectively to deliver payloads to orbit. Observers, space policy professionals, and space agency leaders have eloquently proposed that it might require the combined resources and talents of multiple nations to advance human exploration goals beyond low earth orbit. This paper does not intend to offer new information with respect to whether international collaboration is necessary but to observe that, in continuing to monitor global trends, the results seem to support the thesis that a global interdependent effort with all its likely complexities is an increasingly viable and pragmatic option. The discussion includes a breakdown of space into those of civil (scientific), military, and strictly commercial nature. It concludes that all three are robust components of a globally diversified portfolio of activities relying, essentially, on a common space industrial base and space infrastructure. As in other industries, the distribution of space industry assets and knowledge across countries and continents enables a diverse suite of options and arrangements, particularly in the areas of civil and commercial space utilization. A survey of several ongoing bilateral and multilateral space collaboration examples are provided to augment the observations regarding multinational work in space.

The sustainability of outer space activities incorporates the Legislation, Regulatory, Policy, Safety, and Capacity building as provided in the “Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities” (LTS Guidelines), scientific, international cooperation, and technical. With regard to the regulatory aspect, the national space agencies play a vital role in ensuring the sustainability of outer space. They are bestowed with the power to regulate, supervise, and implement space issues in their respective jurisdictions. This paper examined the intersection between outer space activities and sustainability and the role that national space agencies play in ensuring that outer space is a better place. The paper examines the impacts of these activities on outer space environmental conservation, resource management, and disaster response on Earth. Furthermore, it discusses how sustainable development goals can be achieved through responsible space exploration and utilization. The analysis of the role of space agencies with regard to space activities and sustainability and the role of development countries without space agencies fulfilling their international obligations with regard to space exploration and sustainability were also carefully examined. The study employed the documentary review method. The International Treaties, Conventions, United Nations Declaration, and Resolutions were critically examined to explore how they address the issue of space activities and sustainability. In doing this, the legal challenges towards space activities and sustainability were carefully examined, and better ways were proposed to enhance sustainability in outer space. The study established that, though the outer space Treaties and Conventions address the issue of space activities and sustainability, there are still some challenges to their effect. It is so because the Outer Space Treaties and Conventions provisions are not clear; as a result, a number of legal gaps emerged in addressing outer space sustainability, hence ineffective in protecting the outer space environment from the negative effects resulting from space activities.

Analyzing barriers of Smart Energy City in Accra with two-step fuzzy DEMATEL

Over the past 15 years, commercialization and privatization of space-related activities have grown. This entails financing and investing from both government and private entities; as well as an increase in the development and use of disruptive or innovative space technologies. Commercialization of activities in the space domain has also increased as a topic of geopolitical interest. It has also created the potential for nation-state competition as governments seek to best position their domestic industries for growth. The consequences of this competition may provide opportunities for nation-states to collaborate and experience mutual economic gains as well as generate destabilizing international tension. As the space domain becomes increasingly driven by the private sector, consistent terminology (or at least a shared understanding of terminology) becomes a key factor in state-to-state communication on space development; in businesses being able to direct strategy; and, in general, for audiences' understanding the benefits of space technology. Yet there is no standard approach to ensure that those in government or private sector (whether in entrepreneurship, investment, or policy) have a common terminology to communicate the value of space activities and investment. The terminology that is used to describe those entering the market as players, as well as the technologies or applications they field, varies across community, segment, and national boundaries. This creates significant confusion and, in many cases, erodes academic and market analysis of the space industry. This leads to poor strategic decisions by new entrants to the space-market and wastes resources (time, people, and capital). This article presents findings from a research project that analyzed the role of terminology in describing growth in the space domain. When ambiguous and inconsistent terminology is used in conjunction with established and well-defined business terms, it can create confusion and lead to undesirable consequences. Based on targeted interviews with stakeholders, this study seeks to provide insight into these issues and has three primary objectives: (1) Verify that language inconsistencies are occurring in the space industry, and identify significant examples. (2) Investigate and illuminate challenges/points of tension emerging from these inconsistencies. (3) Document these challenges to improve consistency in understanding. The authors contend that providing an understanding of common terms is important for achieving positive benefits from further commercial activities in space and in establishing supportive and appropriate regulatory frameworks.

Financing of space activities by organizations in conditions of war

The Importance of ALCE's Role as a Political Actor Rather Than a Coordinator of Regional Space Activities

The article analyzes the national legal and regulatory framework in the field of socio-economic diagnosing of the major parameters and operation directions of the objects being diagnosed such as financial conditions, the threat of bankruptcy, solvency (credit status), and investment attractiveness. Based on the results obtained there are singled out, generalized and justified the key contradictions of national regulations governing principles of assessing the priority sectors of these objects operation. The importance of further development of the national legal and regulatory support of socio-economic diagnosing towards its unification in modern conditions of European integration is proved. In terms of revitalization of European integration processes in Ukraine and globalization processes in the world the importance of socio-economic diagnosing at all levels of national and international economies is increasing. In fact, successful establishment and further development of relationships between domestic and foreign partners at different levels (state authorities, financial, credit and insurance institutions, rating agencies, securities market participants, investors, intermediaries, contractors, businesses) require accurate, representative and objective database obtained through target diagnosing. Recently stakeholders have been primarily interested in socio-economic diagnosing of such aspects of particular entities as financial conditions, threat of bankruptcy, solvency, investment attractiveness etc. Target diagnosing is based on various techniques developed by the legislative authorities of Ukraine that are still being used to form special methodological guidelines for evaluating priority operation areas of the diagnosed objects. Obviously, the methodological provisions reflected in the current national legal and regulatory framework should be standardized and unified for all users in both domestic and international environment to ensure exclusive regulation of key principles of socio-economic diagnosing and unified interpretation of the diagnostic results. Unfortunately, at present in the national legal and regulatory framework there are many problems associated with discrepancies, inconsistencies and contradictions of certain diagnostic methods. Considering all the above, there arises the necessity to study current national legislation and regulatory materials to identify existing conflicts in the area of socio-economic diagnosing.

The Australian Civil Space Industry is poised at a crucial moment in its history. Careful strategic decisions need to be made regarding whether Australia will continue to take a back seat in the space race or whether it will join the growing space technology industry, providing major opportunities for Australian innovators. This cannot occur if the current legal and regulatory frameworks do not facilitate research activities and investment. The Australian Government is currently reviewing the Space Activities Act 1998 (Cth) and the Space Activities Regulations 2001 (Cth). This article will consider the unique role played by the Woomera Prohibited Area in the development and testing of launch technology and undertake an assessment of whether the Woomera Range (and by extension Australia) may once again play an important role in the research, development and testing of space technology. The article will place the legal restrictions regarding access to and use of the Woomera Range within the context of the proposed revision of the Australian legislation regulating civil space activities.

The Great Recession of 2007-2009 was preceded by decades of deregulation, reduced supervision, and growing belief in self-regulation. Today, the cryptocurrency markets operate in a similar fragmented and unregulated environment. An unbacked cryptocurrency market with 6.8% global ownership carried a familiar, dangerous optimism for financial stability. Therefore, this study through a qualitative approach explores the regulation of cryptocurrency and its implications for financial stability. The study proved that there are several weaknesses in the current regulatory framework for the cryptocurrency ecosystem, namely, (1) Regulatory fragmentation, (2) Absence of the integration of security and consumer protection issues, (3) Used of existing traditional financial institutions' regulations to regulate the cryptocurrency market; (4) Flaws in the European Union Market in Crypto-Asset (MICA) regulations (5) Lack of a comprehensive uniform global regulatory and supervisory framework for cryptocurrency. Hence, the study findings further shows that the identified weaknesses in current regulatory framework for the cryptocurrency market could amplify financial vulnerabilities in the cryptocurrency ecosystem that could hamper the resilience of the global financial system to cryptocurrency market-based shocks through an increased contagion risk that has significant implication for financial stability. The paper concluded that while a fragmented and unregulated global cryptocurrency market may not currently pose a risk to financial stability in the global economy, an extensive adoption of cryptocurrency without a comprehensive uniform global, regional and national regulatory framework will amplify their vulnerabilities, exacerbate contagion, and generate systematic risk, which will have significant implication for financial stability- Minsky moment. The research recommends that national, regional, and international regulators, and policymakers, must engage in constructive dialogue to develop a risk-based global regulatory and supervisory framework for the cryptocurrency ecosystem, with greater requirements on cryptocurrency issuers, cryptocurrency backed stablecoins, DeFi smart contract, non-fungible tokens (NTF), cryptocurrency exchanges, holding reserves and blockchains operation that generate significant risk for financial stability.

Space tort and patent protection are becoming more and more urgent legal issues, in light of rapidly developing space technology and commercialization of space activities. China’s space industry and activities have witnessed rapid progress recently, yet the development of China’s national space law system lags far behind China’s other achievements in space. Existing space laws in China have not expressly stipulated space tort and patent protection. Thus, addressing these issues has to resort to the relevant rules in other national laws or legal documents to recognize and confirm the doctrines of space tort liability, mitigation or exemption of liability, assignment and protection of space patents, etc. Therefore, the two main tasks or topics for the Chinese space law community are defining the applicability of the general rules and establishing a systematic national space law regime. The national space law regime will need to address the uncertainties, loopholes, and insufficiencies in the existing legal system regarding space tort and space patent protection. National tribunals, researchers, lawmakers, and policymakers will require references and guidance for dealing with space tort and patent protection. Meanwhile, international academia and practitioners need to better understand Chinese laws related to space activities, in order to facilitate international cooperation and the settlement of disputes.