The colonial legacy of disability: Analysing historical perspectives and disability legislation in Zambia - 1890s - 1960s

Chapters begin with Introduction and end with Chapter Summary and Questions for Thought and Discussion. INTRODUCTION. I. THE SOCIETAL FRAMEWORK. 1. Theoretical Frameworks. Individual Models. Societal Models. The Development of Norms. A Feminist Model of Disability. Stigmas and Other Marks. 2. An Historical Perspective. The Colonial Period and Early Nationhood. The Nineteenth Century. Early Twentieth Century. Late Twentieth Century. 3. The Disability Rights Movement in the United States. Early Efforts. The First Advocacy Organization. Precipitating Influences. Ed Roberts and the CIL's. Organizing Demonstrations and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Wade Blank and ADAPT. Other Disability Rights Organizations. The Universal Design Movement. 4. Disability Legislation and the ADA. Federal Laws. State Laws. Case Law. Additional Information on Disability Laws. 5. Disability Demographics. Sources of Demographical Information. Americans with Disabilities: 1997. Prevalence of Disability by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin. Employment and Income, as Related to Disability Status. Census Bureau Data: March 2001. Healthy People 2010 Baseline Data. II. THE INDIVIDUAL FRAMEWORK. 6. Disability and Identity Development. Facets of Our Identity. Adaptation. Mackelprang and Salsgiver's Life Stage Development Concept. Disability Identity as a Learned Social Role. Empowering and Normalizing Disability Identity. Rolland's Three Categories of Disability Identity. Avoidance of Disability Identity. Disability and the Minority Experience. 7. Disability Groupings Systems. National Health Interview Survey: Grouping by Activity Limitation. Disability Statistics Center: Grouping by Causative Condition. Access Unlimited: Grouping by Impairment in Learning and Working. Disability Classifications Commonly Used by Schools. U.S. Department of Education: Grouping by Frequency of Occurrence. Disability Classifications for Sports Participation in Special Events. Rolland's Disability Categories: A Typology of Disability. Disability Categories and the Medical Model. 8. Understanding the Disability Experience. Part I: Onset, Course, and Outcome. 9. Understanding the Disability Experience. Part II: Experiencing Limitation and Stereotypes. III. SKILLS FOR SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE. 10. Using Client Strengths and Worker Skills to Optimize Communication. Communicating Across Sensory Impairment. Communicating Across Speech Impairment. Communicating Across Mental Illness. Communicating Across Developmental Disability. Communicating Across Cognitive Differences. Communicating Across Physical Immobility. 11. Trust and Relationship Building. Trust Building and Belief-Bonding. Empathy and Sympathy. Self-Monitoring and the Assumptions Trap. Developing Patience and Understanding. Reducing Fear and Discomfort. 12. Assessing Individuals and Communities. The Ecological Framework. The Strengths Perspective. The Biopsychosocial Perspective. A Disability-Specific Framework for Assessment. Addressing Quality of Life Issues. The Community Needs Assessment. 13. Practice Models: Working with Individuals. The Crisis Intervention Model. The Empowerment Model. The Advocacy Model. The Case Management Model. The Social Construct Model, Revisited. 14. Practice Models: Working Within the Disability Community. The Community Needs Assessment Model. The Self-Help Group Model. The Empowerment Model. The Social Action/Functional Community Model. 15. Practice Models: Disability as a Social and Political Concern. The Coalition-Building Model. Haynes and Mickelson's Political Advocacy Models. The Social Movement Model. IV. THE DISABILITY RESOURCE AND SUPPORT NETWORK. 16. Overview of Network and Services in the Public Sector. Federal Government Resources. State Government Resources. Local Government Resources. 17. Overview of Network and Services in the Private Sector. Disability-Specific Organizations. Cross-Disability Service Organizations. Location-Based Disability Services. 18. Public/Private Intersections in Healthcare. Medical Care. Home and Community-Based Care. Nursing Home Care. Ancillary Health Care Services. 19. Public/Private Intersections in Housing and Personal Care Needs. Community Living. Communal Living. Residential Care. Personal Care Attendants. Homeless Disabled People. 20. Public/Private Intersections in Income Support and Employment. Employment. Education, Training, and Rehabilitation. Income Support. 21. The Social Support and Recreational Network. The Social Support Network. Caregiver and Family Support. Leisure and Recreation Activities. 22. Mobility, Access, and Assistive Technology. Mobility in the Built Environment. Adaptable Living Space. Assistive Technology. Appendix.

CHAPTER 11 IRELAND IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE LEGACIES OF COLONIALISM – EDGING TOWARDS POLICY CONCERTATION was published in Policy Concertation and Social Partnership in Western Europe on page 155.

Italy and the Horn of Africa:Colonial Legacies and Challenges in the Age of Globalization Bereket Habte Selassie This article is divided into three parts. The first part gives a review of some aspects of the colonial legacy, including an account of my own experiences. In the second segment, on challenges facing us in the contemporary world, I look at some of the burning issues of policy and politics. The final part of the article discusses possible responses to the challenges. Memories and Residue of the Colonial Past First of all, I think that, from among the participants from the Horn of Africa in the international conference titled "The Horn of Africa between History, Law, and Politics," I was probably the only one who was born during the period of Italian colonial rule. I don't mean to claim any special privilege because of that fact; that would be ludicrous. But that firsthand experience gives me a particular historical perspective. I have vivid childhood memories of the last days of Italian rule in Eritrea and I am going to present fragments of those memories. It was just before the start of World War II, and I was a six-year-old boy, attending prima classe (first grade) at the Scuola Vittorio Emanuele III, in Asmara. Some of my childhood memories may offer a window for the historian of the period to view aspects of the manifestation of Italian policy with respect to the schooling of natives—how it fit into the over-all policy of the government back in Rome. I will use my memories to provide an impressionistic view of the period. [End Page 139] For example, I remember that at the start of every class at the Scuola Vittorio, we were harangued by government or party cadres about the glory of Italy and the greatness of Il Duce. We would be told to stand up and salute the king of Italy and Il Duce. The cadre would shout, "Salute il re" and we would say, "Viva il re." He would then shout, "Salute Il Duce," thrusting his right arm forward, and we would shout back, "A noi," thrusting our own arms forward. The theater of it all—the noise, the excitement—was fun for us kids, but none of us understood what it all meant. Perhaps the students in the upper classes understood. Incidentally, according to Italian colonial policy, Eritreans were not allowed to study beyond fifth grade, and some of those who finished fifth grade were employed in clerical, subclerical, and other menial jobs in the colonial service or in companies. That was how an urban working class slowly emerged. The majority of its members were employed in factories and other industrial enterprises, including the building industry, engaged in the construction of infrastructure—business and government buildings, houses, roads, harbors, and so forth. This was how an urban population, working in factories and service industries and living in shantytowns, developed. This was also how the native quarters of Abba Shawl, Edaga Arbi, and other shantytowns were built, mostly consisting of mud huts with tin roofs. Asmara was thus two cities: one composed of these shanty-towns, called quartiere indigeno, and the other being the modern city where only Italians were allowed to live and move. Then came the British, following the Italian defeat in 1941. The British introduced changes, some significant, others quite inconsequential. Among the significant changes were freedom of expression and of movement for Eritreans. As I already said, during much of Italian colonial rule, Asmara was a divided city, the better part of it being reserved for Italians. No native was allowed to live in or walk through the streets of the Italian part of the city. All this changed with the coming of the British, who allowed Eritreans to walk through the streets previously out of bounds to the indigeni. The British also allowed the establishment of the press and thus began a new era in which people could express their views, including views on the future of their country. The British caretaker administration of Eritrea changed some of the regulations [End Page 140] issued during Italian rule and kept others. Absurd though...

\n Os romances Os tambores de São Luís (1975), do brasileiro Josué Montello, e A gloriosa família do angolano Pepetela, mantêm um diálogo com a história maranhense e angolana respectivamente, estreitando as fronteiras entre Literatura e História. Mais que estreitar fronteiras, eles investigam um lugar narrativo em que a forma e o conteúdo interagem fora de suas margens de origem: literatura e história são desvirtuadas/deslocadas em busca de outras verdades que, separadas, nem uma nem outra poderiam conceber. É certo, no entanto, que a perspectiva histórica de cada romance os diferencia significativamente, tendendo à função sacralizadora em Montello e dessacralizadora em Pepetela. Enquanto a história faz parte do pano de fundo da narrativa montelliana, ela é parte orgânica da narrativa pepeteliana, através de uma projeção temporal contrária: em Montello se dá no sentido retrospectivo e em Pepetela, no sentido prospectivo, o que de saída singulariza qualitativamente os romances. A partir da visão peculiar que preside a organização de cada narrativa, a experiência histórica compartilhada pela trágica herança colonial e escravista toma um viés diferente, onde se vislumbra, já de começo, como cada romancista relê a sua própria história. Assim, longe de se alinharem plenamente pela perspectiva histórica, os romances são diferenciados a partir dela e este trabalho comparativo se ocupa justamente em demonstrar como isso acontece.\n

This chapter provides a historical perspective on Asia in the world economy with a focus on the colonial era, and sketches a profile of the prevalent initial conditions when Asian countries became independent. Two centuries ago, Asia accounted for two-thirds of world population and almost three-fifths of world income. Its decline and fall during the colonial era, associated with deindustrialization, was attributable to its integration with the world economy, through trade and investment, driven by imperialism. Fifty years ago, then, Asia was the poorest continent in the world. Its even worse demographic and social indicators of development epitomized its underdevelopment. Such initial conditions were the starting point in its journey to development. But most Asian countries did have a long history of well-structured states, and cultures, which were not entirely destroyed by colonialism. Their different pasts, embedded in histories albeit shaped by colonial legacies, also influenced future outcomes in development.

Prior to the World Wars, European and American empires implemented a colonial model of urban planning in the colonies and concessions under their control. This approach to urban planning was characterised by an imperialist ideology that sought to impose Western standards and values on the territories they governed. This essay explores the manifestation and impact of colonisation on Melbourne, Australia, from its establishment as a British settlement in 1835 to the present day. The essay focuses on the citys colonial background, the manifestation of colonisation in urban development through urban planning and landmark buildings, and the impact of colonisation on living habits, social structures, and cultural traditions. Melbournes colonial history is marked by the displacement and subjugation of indigenous peoples and the exploitation of natural resources for British economic gain. The enduring influence of colonialism is evident in the urban planning, architectural landmarks, and cultural practices of Melbourne city, and has left an indelible mark on its urban, social, and economic development. The legacy of colonialism is reflected in the enduring patterns of power, inequality, and exclusion that are embedded in the citys physical and social landscape. This legacy has also contributed to the persistence of cultural and social hierarchies, which continue to shape the citys urban fabric and its social and economic relations. Furthermore, the effects of colonialism can be observed in the citys built environment, including its urban morphology, architectural styles, and land use patterns, all of which reflect the values and ideologies of the colonial era.

In the early 1970s, a World Health Organization-initiated and United States-funded project released lab-reared mosquitoes outside New Delhi in the first large-scale field trials of the genetic control of mosquitoes. Despite partnering with the Indian Council of Medical Research and investing significantly in outreach to local communities at the release sites, the project was embroiled in controversy and became an object of vehement debate within the Indian parliament and diplomatic contretemps between the United States and India. This early episode of genetic control research demonstrates how a scientific collaboration was entangled in geopolitics and shaped by the legacy of colonialism. This historical case study has implications for public deliberation in the present, pointing to the challenges of shared decision-making in the context of structural inequality, the way that a backdrop of military interest in a technology can impede trust, and the long-term consequences of projects that foster mistrust.

Reviewed by: Practicing Memory in Central American Literature by Nicole Caso Greg C. Severyn Caso, Nicole . Practicing Memory in Central American Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. 288 pp. In Practicing Memory, Nicole Caso selects a variety of "mainstream" contemporary texts from Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Honduras that employ historical fiction to cover what poet Humberto Ak'abal describes as "the mouth of silence" (2), that is, to speak out against pervasive silences and forced acceptances imposed by official history in the isthmus. Although the chosen works assume markedly different approaches as they each seek to interject their historical perspectives, their "regenerative effect" (3) becomes [End Page 107] clear in the four sections of this study as memory is accessed from distinct physical and ideological spaces. The influence of East-West politics and North-South economics is treated in each chapter, uniting Caso's critical analyses into a cohesive argument that reveals recurring imperial and colonial legacies. As a result, Central America becomes more than just a small strip of earth bridging two land masses; it becomes a spatial metaphor "intentionally left open [to] ambiguity" (4), allowing both marginal and popular, literal and figurative issues to be explored. The first two chapters comprise part one, "The Isthmus", where East-West relations converge in Central America, making clear the links between the Cold War rhetoric of the twentieth century and the isthmus's role as "elusive object of desire" (20) for foreign powers. In chapter one, Caso argues that Ernesto Cardenal's epic poem El estrecho dudoso (1966) challenges complacent univocal representation of the past by filling in the omissions in the hegemonic historical record in an effort to escape its construct. In chapter two, Caso focuses on U.S. involvement in the region by analyzing the ideological use of language in two works that deal with the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état: Miguel Ángel Asturias's Week-end en Guatemala (1956) and Arturo Arias's novel Después de las bombas (1979). She indicates that Asturias forcefully brandishes language in his short stories in order to expose anticommunist campaigns through the manipulation of words and propaganda to legitimize U.S. intervention. Arias, on the other hand, makes language a "site of struggle" (76) by restoring some words onto the silenced, blank pages of history. Caso points to the novel's carnivalesque and satirical style as a means to "orchestrate the many self-conscious voices of resistance" (75) elaborated within a single, literary space. Caso then begins section two, "The City," which concentrates on urban spaces as entities representing the impact of modernity in Central America. Chapter three initiates this section with a study of Asturias's El señor presidente (1946). By examining the cost of "progress" in the isthmus, Caso makes the case that this novel "captures what gets left out of historiographical discourse... through sounds, spaces, and images that fall at the margins of normative language" (107). Then, the fragmented novels Diario de una multitud (1974) by Carmen Naranjo and Manlio Argueta's Caperucita en la zona roja (1977) are contrasted in chapter four to reveal how "community" can be represented either as isolated and broken-down by external market forces, or an interrelated unit able to resist in times of need. In both novels, the push towards social awareness and sociopolitical solidarity is evident. She concludes this chapter by suggesting that these works use "fragmentary narrative styles from within the discourses that they are critiquing to interrupt their homogenizing tendencies" (142). Part three of the study, "The Nation", takes a step back, spatially speaking, to consider the totalizing narrative of Julio Escoto's Rey del Albor, Madrugada (1993) in chapter five. Caso argues that Escoto opts to use the typically hegemonic [End Page 108] style of totality to give voice to his project from the margin, able to point out "top-down manipulations from abroad" (147) when conceiving ideas that pertain to mestizaje and nationalism in Honduras. Additionally, although the novel attempts to fight homogenizing tendencies imposed on the country from the outside, the risks involved in an inward "rallying around the Honduran nation" (183) and the consequent homogenizing from within are also taken...

Cameroon is thought to have one of the highest prevalences of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the world (4.9% among adults). A marked cohort effect exists in several communities where ≈50% of the elderly are infected. Better assessment of HCV distribution is needed for planning treatment programmes. We tested for HCV antibodies 14150 capillary blood samples collected during the 2011 Demographic and Health Survey, whose participants were representative of the Cameroonian population aged 15-49 (both genders) and 50-59years (men only). Historical data on exposure to medical care were collected and factors associated with HCV assessed through logistic regression and geospatial analyses. To estimate prevalence in all persons aged ≥15years, we used data from the survey for the 15-59years fraction and modelled a cohort effect for older individuals. The nationwide HCV prevalence was 0.81% for the 15-49years group, and 2.51% for all individuals aged ≥15years. Only 0.2% of individuals aged 15-19 were seropositive. Among participants aged 15-44years, HCV was associated with age, rural residence and, for males, with ritual circumcision. For those aged 45-59years, HCV was associated with age and access to medical care in the late 1950s. Prevalence of HCV seropositivity in Cameroon is half of previous estimates. Nationwide surveys are essential to rationalize resources allocation. The high prevalence among older cohorts, a colonial legacy, has had little spillover into younger cohorts. HCV-free generations might be attainable in countries not plagued with intravenous drug abuse.

Can a colonial legacy explain the pollution haven hypothesis? A city-level panel analysis

Cameroon prior to colonization had many languages, with none having precedence over the other. With the development of trade and the installation of missionaries along its coast, a number of local and European languages gained prominence. English became the most widely used western language. It established itself as the language of trade and of the court of equity while some local languages and Pidgin English were standardized and used in evangelization. With the triple presence in succession, and concurrently, of the German protectorate, the British and the French administrations, the ideology of ‘one nation, one language’ that developed in eighteenth century Europe was pursued, with varying degrees of effectiveness, in Cameroon by these administrations. This ideology was applied with resolve in education, mostly by the French rule, and made an impact on pre- and post-independence Cameroonian authorities who adopted English and French as official languages of the country.

The Colonial Legacy in Historical Perspective

Introduction: New Beginnings? Part I: Overview. The Map of Africa. Imagining Africa: Roots of Western Perceptions of the Continent. Thinking about Development: Development Theory and Practice in the African Context. Part II: Culture and Society. African Culture: Diversity and Creativity. Societal Diversity: Language, Ethnicity, and Religion. Gender Dynamics: Men and Women in African Societies. Part III: The Physical Environment. Geology and Geomorphology of Africa. Africa's Climate: Regions, Dynamics, and Change. Biogeography and Ecology. Part IV: Africa in Historical Perspective. The African Past. The Colonial Legacy. Independent Africa: Politics and Development. Part V: Dynamics of Population. Population Distribution. Population Growth. Population Mobility. Part VI: African Economies. Africa in the World Economy. National Economies: Strategies for Growth and Development. Prospects for Economic Integration. Part VII: Rural Economies. Indigenous Food Production Systems. Agrarian Development and Change. Food Security. Part VIII: Urban Economies and Societies. The Evolution of Urban Structure. Urban Economies. Urban Living Environments. Part IX: Resources. Mineral and Energy Resources. Water Resources. Flora and Fauna as Economic Resources. Part X: Social Geography. Living in Poverty. Social Policy: The Health Sector. Children in Africa: Prospects for the Next Generation. Conclusion: Which Future? Glossary.

Since the 1980s, a widespread view has arisen in the literature that the post-1950 economic successes of Taiwan and the Republic of Korea have been due, in part at least, to the legacy of Japanese colonialism. This paper challenges that view by comparing Japanese economic achievements in both Taiwan and Korea with those of the British, French, Dutch and Americans in their Southeast Asian colonies. The paper examines the record of economic growth and structural change across the various colonies, and also discusses policies relating to government revenue and expenditure and to trade, exchange rates and the balance of payments. The paper also looks at some non-monetary indicators relating to living standards, including mortality rates and educational enrolments. The main conclusion is that the facts do not wholly support the case for Japanese exceptionalism.

659 Reviews of union loggers looked at Spotted Owl protection legislation in the 1980s as an attack on their way of life as jobs were lost and towns deserted. Oregon and Washington’s forests became a veritable battleground between logging companies and their employees and groups pushing for environmental protectionism. In a region where union workers like the Wobblies once concerned themselves with issues of environmental and socio-economic justice, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL/CIO)–dominated union workers in the latter twentieth century rallied around issues of job preservation and anti-environmentalism. Loomis’s research utilizes an impressive amount of archival sources, including newspapers , journals, trial notes, military reports, magazines, correspondence, and corporate papers, among others. Unlike some other well-researched historical narratives, Empire of Timber gives commentary on contemporary social and ecological problems from a historical perspective, as well as a possible means to help solve some of those problems. Empire of Timber is well-written and arduously researched and should be on the reading list of anyone interested in the history of labor, environment, nationalism, or social causes. Robert M. Lambeth University of Montana ROOTS AND REFLECTIONS: SOUTH ASIANS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST by Amy Bhatt and Nalini Iyer foreward by Deepa Banerjee University of Washington Press, in association with the South Asian Oral History Project and the University of Washington Libraries, Seattle and London, 2014. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. 299 pages. $20.00, paper. What characterized the migration experiences of South Asian immigrants in the Pacific Northwest ? How did self-identified Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs, Zoroastrians, Jains, Christians, and others, often with deep national affiliations to their homelands, navigate their new lives, careers, and communities? Amy Bhatt and Nalini Iyer address these and other significant questions in Roots and Reflections. While their attention is fixed on the Seattle metro area, Bhatt and Iyer analyze immigrant experiences and community formation alongside broader geopolitical and transnational histories, effectively decentering historical scholarship on South Asian immigrants that has too often focused on major urban locations such as Chicago, New York City, and in California. The result is an impressive study that demonstrates the value and relevance of oral history and communitybased academic scholarship. Drawing on thirty oral histories collected since 2005 by the South Asian Oral History Project (SAOHP) at the University of Washington Libraries, the authors incorporate a rather impressive array of historical methodologies. They highlight the extent to which migration , settlement, education, and employment informed South Asians’ experiences in and perceptions of the Northwest and, conversely, the impact these immigrants had on the growth and distinctiveness of the region. Bhatt and Iyer emphasize the explanatory power of oral history as “a form of storytelling” that “provides insight into the everyday . . . matters that give texture to lives.” The result, they contend, is “a more nuanced understanding of how communities are formed and how individuals situate themselves within larger cultural phenomena” (p. 9). The book opens with a discussion of the earliest South Asian immigrants to the Northwest : migrant workers and students from the Punjab region between modern-day India and Pakistan who settled in Bellingham, Everett, Seattle, and Astoria during the decades prior to World War II. Subsequent chapters rely heavily on the SAOHP collection, as narrators reflect on migration networks and discuss their experiences in the Seattle-area through the prism of generational and gender differences, family formation, employment challenges, and the transmission of culture and traditions to younger South Asians. Push and pull factors ranged from the painful legacies of British colonialism; economic downturns in South Asian countries during decolonization; opportunities at U.S. universities; and chain migrations of the Indian Subcontinent’s professional classes, who were marshaled into medical, military, scientific, and technological industries during the Cold War. Changes to fed- 660 OHQ vol. 117, no. 4 eral laws had a profound impact on migration, as the Hart-Celler Act of 1965 (misspelled “Cellar” in the book) removed barriers to immigration throughout South Asia by eliminating the quota system based on national origins (a holdover from the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921) and establishing preference visa categories that emphasized immigrants’ employment skills as well as family reunification. Changes in national...