Abstract
The northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, is one of the most important nematode pathogens occurring in cold regions. It is a sedentary, biotrophic parasites of plants and overwinter in the soil or in diseased roots. This study showed that the cold tolerance for the second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. hapla was moderate with the 50% survival temperature (S50) of -2.22°C and the fatal temperature was -6°C when cooling at 0.5°C min-1. Cryoprotective dehydration significantly enhance cold tolerance of M. hapla J2 with the lowest S50 of -3.28°C after held being at -1°C for 6 h. Moreover, cold shock and cold acclimation had significant effects on the freezing survival of M. hapla J2. The lethal temperature of eggs was -18°C. Therefore, the cold tolerance of M. hapla is sufficiently favorable to withstand winters in cold temperature environments.
Highlights
The northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, are sedentary, biotrophic parasites of plants with wide host ranges [1]
The S50 values were significantly decreased with an increased freezing time at -1 ̊C after 2–6 h, which was lower 1.06 ̊C after 6 h compared to the freezing regime (RMP = 1.47; 95%confidence limits (CL) = 1.23, 2.10), but there was no significant difference between 6 h and 12 h (Fig 1)
M. hapla J2 survived at low temperature
Summary
The northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, are sedentary, biotrophic parasites of plants with wide host ranges [1]. The second-stage juvenile (J2) of M. hapla infect plant roots and induce root-knots, which affect water and nutrient absorption and translocation of root systems. The only infective stage of M. hapla is the J2, which must overcome adversely low-temperature environmental conditions before reaching plant roots. It was shown that M. hapla J2 survived at freezing temperatures [6, 7], and the minimal temperature for development was 8.8 ̊C [8]. M. hapla eggs survived sub-zero temperatures in the field [9, 10] and developed at the low temperature of 6.74 ̊C [11]. This indicates the ability of M. hapla to survive at low temperatures
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