The classification of endotrivial complexes

Usefulness of Complexity Classification as a Predictor of Postoperative Outcomes in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Several classification systems for assessing the surgical difficulty of laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) have been proposed. We evaluated three current classification systems, including traditional Major/Minor Classification, Complexity Classification, and the Difficulty Scoring System for predicting the surgical outcomes after LLR. We reviewed the clinical data of 301 patients who underwent LLR for hepatocellular carcinoma between March 1, 2004 and June 30, 2015. We compared the intraoperative, pathologic, and postoperative outcomes according to the three classifications. We also compared the prognostic value of the three classifications using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The Major/Minor Classification, Complexity Classification, and the Difficulty Scoring System efficiently differentiated surgical difficulty in terms of blood loss (P=0.001, P=0.009, and P<0.001, respectively) and operation time (all P<0.001). Regarding intraoperative outcomes, the Difficulty Scoring System and Complexity Classification successfully differentiated the transfusion rate (P=0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). However, only the Complexity Classification adequately predicted severe postoperative complications (P=0.032), the severity of complications (P<0.001), and the length of hospital stay (P=0.005). In ROC curve analysis, the Complexity Classification (area under the curve [AUC]=0.611) outperformed the Major/Minor Classification (AUC=0.544) and the Difficulty Scoring System (AUC=0.530) for predicting severe postoperative complications. None of the classification systems predicted recurrence or patient survival. The Complexity Classification was superior to the other methods for assessing surgical difficulty and predicting complications after LLR for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Quantum Machine Learning (QML) is increasingly attracting attention as a potential solution to improve computational performance, especially in handling complex and big data-driven classification tasks. In this study, the Quantum Support Vector Machine (QSVM) algorithm is applied to prostate cancer classification, with the results compared to the classical Support Vector Machine (SVM) model. QSVM shows superiority in accuracy, reaching 0.93, compared to the classical SVM which has an accuracy of 0.91. In addition, QSVM produces precision, recall, and F1-score values of 0.83, 0.95, and 0.88, respectively, higher than the precision of 0.82, recall of 0.93, and F1-score of 0.87 of the classical SVM. These findings indicate that QSVM is more effective in handling high-dimensional data and complex classification, thus demonstrating the great potential of QML in medical applications, especially in cancer classification and biomarker discovery.Keywords: Quantum Machine Learning, Quantum Support Vector Machine, Klasifikasi, Kanker Prostat

To compare performances for predicting surgical difficulty and postoperative complications. An expert panel recently proposed a complexity classification for liver resection with 3 categories of complexity (low, medium, or high). We compared this new classification with the conventional major/minor classification. We retrospectively reviewed 469 hepatocellular carcinoma patients who underwent liver resection between 1 January 1, 2004 and June 30, 2015. We used receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis to compare the performances of both classifications for predicting perioperative outcomes. Both classifications effectively differentiated subgroups of patients in terms of their intraoperative findings and short-term outcomes, including blood loss, transfusion rate, operation time, and postoperative hospital stay (all P < 0.05). The ability to predict complications was not significantly different between the major/minor classification and the complexity classification [area under the curve (AUC) 0.625 vs 0.617, respectively; P= 0.754). However, the complexity classification showed stronger correlations with blood loss (AUC 0.690 vs 0.617, respectively; P = 0.001) and operation time (AUC 0.727 vs 0.619, respectively; P < 0.001) compared with the major/minor classification. To check heterogeneity, the minor resection group was further divided into low (n = 184), medium (n = 149), and high complexity (n = 13) groups. Operation time and blood loss were significantly different among these 3 subgroups of patients. The complexity classification outperformed the major/minor classification for predicting the surgical difficulty of liver resection.

A classification system for defining the complexity of hepatectomy according to its technical difficulty was recently proposed as a consensus of a panel of experts. We validated this classification system for a prospective liver resection cohort in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The complexity classification separated liver resections into three categories of complexity (low, medium, or high). We retrospectively reviewed 150 open hepatectomies between 1 March 2004 and 30 November 2013 in patients with HCC, and compared the perioperative outcomes according to the complexity classification. No differences in patient demographics or pathologic findings were observed among the three groups according to the complexity classification, which effectively differentiated the three groups in terms of intraoperative findings and short-term outcomes. The mean estimated blood loss (p=0.001), rate of blood transfusion (p<0.001), and mean operation time (p<0.001) were significantly different among the three groups. The rates of overall and major complications (p=0.026 and 0.005, respectively) were significantly greater in the high-complexity group. Multivariate analysis showed that the complexity classification was independently associated with major complications (odds ratio 4.73; p=0.040); however, overall patient survival (p=0.139) and disease-free survival (p=0.076) were not significantly different among the three groups. The complexity classification effectively differentiated intraoperative and short-term outcomes, and was independently associated with major complications after hepatectomy in patients with HCC.

Screening and classification of characteristic genes is a complex classification problem, and the characteristic sequences of gene expression show high-dimensional characteristics. How to select an effective gene screening algorithm is the main problem to be solved by analyzing gene chips. The combination of KNN, SVM, and SVM-RFE is selected to screen complex classification problems, and a new method to solve complex classification problems is provided. In the process of gene chip pretreatment, LogFC and P value equivalents in the gene expression matrix are screened, and different gene features are screened, and then SVM-RFE algorithm is used to sort and screen genes. Firstly, the characteristics of gene chips are analyzed and the number between probes and genes is counted. Clustering analysis among each sample and PCA classification analysis of different samples are carried out. Secondly, the basic algorithms of SVM and KNN are tested, and the important indexes such as error rate and accuracy rate of the algorithms are tested to obtain the optimal parameters. Finally, the performance indexes of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 of several complex classification algorithms are compared through the complex classification of SVM, KNN, KNN-PCA, SVM-PCA, SVM-RFE-SVM, and SVM-RFE-KNN at P=0. 01,0.05,0.001. SVM-RFE-SVM has the best classification effect and can be used as a gene chip classification algorithm to analyze the characteristics of genes.

High efficiency video coding (HEVC), which is the newest video coding standard currently, achieves the best coding efficiency compared with all the other existing video coding standards. However, the computational complexity of the typical HEVC encoder dramatically increases because of the recursive searching scheme for finding the best coding unit (CU) partitions. In this paper, an adaptive fast CU size decision algorithm for HEVC Intra prediction is proposed based on CU complexity classification (CC) by using machine learning (ML) technology. Firstly, certain image features are extracted to characterize the CU complexity, which has a strong relationship with CU partitions, and then, the support vector machine is employed to analyze and construct the classification model according to the CU complexity. Finally, the proposed adaptive fast CU size decision algorithm, named as CCML, is released based on the complexity classification. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm could achieve around 60% encoding time reduction for various test video sequences on average with only 1.26% Bjontegaard delta bit rate increase compared with the reference test model HM15.0 of HEVC.

Background Modern oilfield operating conditions require from service companies to improve a hardware and software technology, based on the increase of the «complexity» of workover, which in turn leads to an increase in labor, material and financial resources. However, the changed conditions of the exploitation of oil and gas fields, which caused increasing «complexity» of workover by standard methods of using mobile lifting units, or even by means of coiled tubing technology does not provide the up-to-date classification of complex repair works, making it difficult to study the cost of the repairs service enterprises specializing in workover. Which in turn has an impact on the prospects for further development of the technologies of well workover, as service companies to date, are the main driving force for the development of high technologies in the oil and gas sector. Aims and Objectives Improving the quality of repair work in modern conditions of operation of oil and gas fields. Methods The mechanism of the effect of changing the operating conditions of oil and gas fields in the oil and gas service in the provision of services for the workover was analyzed. Results 1. The influence of the level of technical equipment and technological support of service workover organizations on producing oil and gas companies was substantiated. 2. Changed conditions of the exploitation of oil and gas deposits have increased the «complexity» of workovers, by increasing the requirements for works. 3. The need to work on the classification of complex workovers using coiled tubing is caused by increased applicability of the overhaul technology using coiled tubing unit. 4. Expanding the classification of complex workover allows to justify the cost of repairs, as well as to quantify the quality of work performed by service companies, taking into account the degree of difficulty of work, which in turn will improve the quality of the overhaul of the well. Conclusion The effectiveness of the exploitation of oil fields in the modern market economy depends on the development of workover technologies, which in turn requires the revision of the existing classification of complex repair work, taking into account the specifics of repair at the present stage of field development. In this case, the expansion of classification of complex repairs will allow to justify the cost of repairs, as well as to quantify the quality of work performed by service companies, taking into account the degree of difficulty of work, which is justified by worn out downhole equipment and its operating life.

The article gives a classification of sports and modern multifunctional sports complexes. The terminology of the concept of multifunctional sports complex has been unified. The analysis of modern domestic and foreign multifunctional sports complexes is carried out that allows to define a number of obvious tendencies of development of the sports environment. The construction of sports facilities is included in the general plans of cities in the form of microdistricts, districts and cities. A study of the development of modern sports complexes. Trends in the development of the spatial structure of the sports environment have been identified. The sports infrastructure of Ukraine is analyzed for the possibility of holding international sports competitions. It is determined that according to the existing norms and rules, all multifunctional sports facilities can be divided into main, auxiliary and devices-devices for spectators. The classification of multifunctional sports complexes by location in the structure of the city is given. Multifunctional buildings are, if possible, adapted for various sports. In order to determine the role and place of multifunctional sports complexes in the structure of the city, sports centers available in natural and urban areas were analyzed. The basic requirements to be presented to modern sports complexes at designing are defined. The work consists of two parts. In the first part, the development of the sports environment is studied and the classification of modern sports complexes is given. In the second part, the features of the typological characteristics of multifunctional sports complexes are formulated.

The classification of apartment complex used to be done by building shape, layout, and system of circulation in the complex, which are from a form-based perspective. Layout 'form' of housing complex is directly influenced by physical & legal condition of the site, leading to lower relation to resident's living pattern. Thus, it is necessary to set criteria for classification of apartment complex reflecting resident's living pattern. Spatial analysis technique represented by Space Syntax is well known to explain the human behavior in architectural and urban space. The purpose of this study is to set the criteria for classification of apartment complex using spatial analysis technique and to apply it to classification of actual apartment complexes. First, this study begins with reviewing basic design principles of housing complex and previous studies. Next, criteria are defined based on the characteristics of spatial structure in apartment complex by applying Space Syntax. In order to measure the spatial structure of apartment complex, 'integration' index is mainly used. Mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis value were derived from the distribution of integration values and verified as classification criteria. Finally, we carry out the classification of actual apartment complexes based on the criteria proposed in this study and the validity and effectiveness of the classification are checked and discussed through the characteristics of the spatial configuration of the cases.

The nest complex is an intrinsic form of spatial and functional organization of ants, a real structural level of an intrapopulation rank. The proposed classification of ant nest complexes is based on the properties of the elements composing the complexes and on scenarios of settlement development. The stages of life of an ant settlement and the stages of development of the corresponding complex are described (the proto-, meso-, and hypercomplex). The following main species-specific features are used in the classification: the basic level of intracolonial structures (clan, column, pleiad); the nest type (sectional, capsule-like); the mode of colony founding (solitary queen, pleometrosis, temporary social parasitism); the mode of sociotomy (binary division, budding, fragmentation); the definitive colony size (Nc); the presence of a defended territory; the form of polycaly (simple polycaly: PC1, polycaly with breeding nests: PC2, polysectional nests: PSN), etc. Based on the data on 120 ant species (including all the well-studied ones) showing clear differentiation into gynes and workers, eight basic social types are distinguished, which are named by their most specific traits: (1) recurrent sociotomy based on a clan; (2) diffuse polycaly; (3) recurrent sociotomy based on a single colony (column); (4) closed (ordinary) polycaly; (5) open (obligate) polycaly; (6) linear settlements; (7) dissipated pleiads; (8) unitary pleiads. The general description of an ant nest complex includes its social type, development stage, and current state. The classification of nest complexes forms the basis for systemic study, use, and protection of ants.

We initiate the algorithmic study of the following question: is it possible to increase the connectivity of a given graph G by superposing it with another given graph H? More precisely, graph F is the superposition of G and H with respect to injective mapping \phi:V(H)->V(G) if every edge uv of F is either an edge of G, or \phi^{-1}(u)\phi^{-1}(v) is an edge of H. Thus F contains both G and H as subgraphs, and the edge set of F is the union of the edge sets of G and \phi(H). We consider the following optimization problem. Given graphs G, H, and a weight function \omega assigning non-negative weights to pairs of vertices of V(G), the task is to find \phi of minimum weight \omega(\phi)=\sum_{xy\in E(H)}\omega(\phi(x)\phi(y)) such that the edge connectivity of the superposition F of G and H with respect to \phi is higher than the edge connectivity of G. Our main result is the following ``dichotomy'' complexity classification. We say that a class of graphs C has bounded vertex-cover number, if there is a constant t depending on C only such that the vertex-cover number of every graph from C does not exceed t. We show that for every class of graphs C with bounded vertex-cover number, the problems of superposing into a connected graph F and to 2-edge connected graph F, are solvable in polynomial time when H\in C. On the other hand, for any hereditary class C with unbounded vertex-cover number, both problems are NP-hard when H\in C. For the unweighted variants of structured augmentation problems, i.e. the problems where the task is to identify whether there is a superposition of graphs of required connectivity, we provide necessary and sufficient combinatorial conditions on the existence of such superpositions. These conditions imply polynomial time algorithms solving the unweighted variants of the problems.

Minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is attracting increased interest in the pancreatic surgical community with more and more teams reporting their experience worldwide. The pancreatic anastomosis (PA) is one of the key steps and challenging manoeuvre of this procedure. Since the introduction of the minimally invasive approach for PD, several PA types have been proposed, ranging from high to low complexity, but none of them have been proven unequivocally superior to the others. Therefore, definitive consensus has not been reached yet. In the present multimedia manuscript, we report the most commonly adopted minimally invasive PA and we propose a "complexity classification" to guide the choice accordingly to different characteristics of the pancreatic stump. We describe five possible different PA that might be tailored to each different case, depending mainly on texture of pancreatic stump (soft/hard, lean/fatty) and the size and visibility of main duct. This manuscript presents a step-by-step portfolio of the most commonly used mini-invasive PA. This technique requires experience in pancreatic surgery and advanced minimally invasive skills. Knowledge of and proficiency in different types of PA could help reducing the incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula.

Accurate preoperative evaluation of fistula-in-ano can guide the choice of surgical procedure and may improve healing rates. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of conventional 3D transperineal ultrasound (3D-TPUS) compared with SonoVue (SVE)-enhanced 3D-TPUS for the detection and classification of anal fistula. In this prospective study, 3D-TPUS reconstructions were performed before and after SVE enhancement in 60 patients with fistula-in-ano who intended to undergo surgery at the Department of Anorectal Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University (P. R. China) between January 2021 and October 2021. Accuracies of anal fistula classification, complexity classification, detection of anal fistula branches, and detection of internal opening between 3D-TPUS and SVE 3D-TPUS were compared based on a reference standard-intraoperative findings. This study enrolled 60 patients (mean age, 37.1 ± 11.4 years; mean follow-up, 9 ± 3 months). Intraoperative findings showed that the fistula type was intersphincteric in 23 patients (38.3%), trans-sphincteric in 35 (58.3%; 12 high and 23 low), and suprasphincteric in 2 (3.3%). Moreover, 68 internal openings were found. Compared with the accuracy of 3D-TPUS, that of SVE 3D-TPUS was similar in fistula classification [95.0% (57/60) vs 96.7% (58/60), P = 0.392], but significantly higher in internal opening evaluation [80.9% (55/68) vs 97.1% (66/68), P = 0.001], complexity classification [85.0% (51/60) vs 98.3% (59/60), P = 0.018], and detection of fistula branches [70.4% (19/27) vs 92.6% (25/27), P = 0.031]. SVE 3D-TPUS may be a useful examination for patients with perianal fistulae because of its high accuracy and consistency with intraoperative findings, especially in complex fistula-in-ano and difficult cases.

The object of the study is domestic museum publications of the second half of the XIX-th – early XX-th centuries. Museographic texts are considered from the point of view of the formation of source studies in Ukraine. The primary focus is on positivist approaches to working with a historical source. The subject of the study is focused on the principles and methods of attributing items in museum collections. It is shown that their introduction into scientific circulation was based on the observance of the principle of historicism and objectivity. The analysis of museographic texts showed that scientists used an empirical approach to studying objects in museum collections: museographers practiced direct, sensory-experiential work with the subject of the collection. The article shows how historians used the method of direct comparison, historical-genetic, and historical-comparative methods. It is shown that they based their conclusions on the analysis of external features of artifacts: shape, ornamentation, and material. Particular attention is paid to the method of induction, which was very popular among positivists. Its application is demonstrated by specific examples of the formation of conclusions about an artifact's origin based on several heterogeneous facts about it. The article shows how museum workers classified and systematized collection items. It was established that the main principle of grouping collections was the chronological principle. In the middle of the selected historical periods, objects were distributed according to formal characteristics: material and category of the object. A more complex classification – the selection of types in the middle of homogeneous objects – is based on a comprehensive analysis of the technical features of the artifacts. The authors concluded that domestic museographic works of the second half of the XIX – early XX century are a clear example of a positivist view of historical research. Museographers introduced a significant number of historical sources into scientific circulation. They showed that these sources reflect different aspects of the life of the people of Ukraine from ancient times to the twentieth century. An important conclusion is the critical use of museography in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. That is due to the fact that errors in attributive work were revealed in museum editions of the past.