Abstract
Fatty acids intake of French adult population does not comply with the French Population Reference Intakes (PRI). The aim the study is to quantify the impact of a modification of animal feeding system on the fatty acids intake of French population. A 15-day diet representative of average consumption for the French adult male population was developed with animal products derived either from conventional production system (STD) either from a specific production system (Bleu-Blanc-Cœur®[BBC]) that acts on the fatty acids profile of animal products. The impact of a such change in feeding system on fatty acids content has been quantified. BBC diet contributes to reducing the gap between the fatty acid content of a STD diet and the PRI with highest impact on C12:0–14:0–16:0 fatty acids (−4.6 g/d,i.e.63.3%), C18:3n-3 (+0.8 g/d,i.e.48.2%), C20:5n-3 (+35 mg/d,i.e.42.7%), C22:6n-3 (+49 mg/d,i.e.35%) and the C18:2n-6/C18:3n-3 ratio (−4.9 points,i.e.43.5%). The research also shows that animal products complement one another. Consuming a variety of animal source foods derived from a specific feeding practices could help reduce the gap between actual consumption and recommended dietary intake of fatty acids.
Highlights
In industrialized societies, eating habits and lifestyle such as increase in energy intake and decrease in energy expenditure are identified as potent promoters of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases or obesity (Cordain et al, 2005)
The BBC diet contributes to reducing the gaps between the content of STD diets and French Population Reference Intakes (PRI), the highest contributions being for C12–C14–C16:0 fatty acids (63.3%), ALA (48,2%), EPA (42.7%) and the linoleic acid (LA)/ ALA ratio (43.5%) (Tab. 5)
The change in production system enables EFSA recommended intake to be met for ALA, EPA and DHA (EFSA, 2010) these recommendations being lower than the French PRIs
Summary
In industrialized societies, eating habits and lifestyle such as increase in energy intake and decrease in energy expenditure are identified as potent promoters of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases or obesity (Cordain et al, 2005). Due to agribusiness and modern agriculture, western diets contain excessive levels of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) but very low levels of n-3 PUFAs leading to an unhealthy n-6/n-3 ratio of 20:1, instead of 1:1 that was during evolution in humans (Simopoulos, 2008). Public health strategies aimed at changing the nutrient intake in the population can take many forms, from focusing purely on human behaviour via food- and meal-based recommendations to invisible pathway such as the modification of the food composition. In France, different national programs took place in order to help modification of the dietary habits of the French population: in 2001, the French National Nutrition and Health Program (Programme national nutrition santé [PNNS]); in 2011, the « Plan obésité » (French national program to combat obesity) and in 2013 the « Plan national de l’alimentation » (French national diet programme [PNA]). Fruit consumption rose (þ16% on average for adults) and consumption of sugary foodstuffs fell (À22 to À27% in adults) between 1999 and 2007 (Dubuisson et al, 2010)
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