The challenges and successes of indigenous language newspapers in South Africa

The article purports to examine the risk to cultural identity amongst an Indian community in South Africa using a single case study methodology. A case study approach was followed, using the qualitative research methodology, whereby not only the how (observation), but also adding focus on the thoughts, feelings, perceptions, experiences and motivations that people have underlie their behaviour. The year 1960 marked the 100th anniversary of the arrival of the Indians to the Colony of Natal, hence the study considers the period 1895 to 1960. Identifying with a particular culture allows members of that community to experience feelings of belonging and security. Moving across continents, Indian indentured sugar plantation labourers came to the Colony of Natal from 1860 until 1911 bringing with them their cultural identity. The risk to cultural identity is a significant contributor to an individual’s well-being. Cultural identity may be viewed as a sense of belonging based on one’s ancestry, rituals, religion, traditions, values and even language. When they were transported during the concurrent time of colonisation and indenture, they became displaced and thus an emotional threat to their well-being, belonging and security was created and simultaneously experienced. This threat compromised their cultural identity. This risk to cultural identity is investigated in the narrative of an Indian female national matriarch, Mrs Takurine Mahesh Singh who arrived in the Colony in 1895 and passed away in 1959. A risk to cultural identity existed, but the Indian community in South Africa did not experience deculturalisation. They were able to practise their ancestral culture without losing their identity. This is one of the findings and it concludes the abstract.Contribution: The study of identity, identity diffusion, identity loss is a very important aspect to study, especially for displaced communities who suffer not only alienation from their mother country, but also losing contact and cultures as a result of displacement. This article provides insight on the risk to cultural identity in Natal between 1895 and 1960. In terms of the findings, cultural identity is an important contributor to well-being. Identifying with a particular culture gave the matriarch a feeling of belonging and security. It also provides access to social and other networks which provide support and shared strength, values and aspirations. Although a product of oral history, for this research, the article could not be supported by other historical materials in an attempt at balancing the views as scholars have not explored the widowed Indian nationals who have remained in the Colony after indenture. This article should not be viewed simplistically as a retelling of Mrs Singh’s life story, but rather a narrative based on reflective memories that pieced together her departure from India under the political system of indenture, living and surviving as a widow under harsh laws and having multiple identities. The narrative oral history approach combined with a qualitative research methodology does not focus on analysis and interpretation but rather brings to the fore, the opportunity for further exploratory studies where the question ‘why’ will be answered.

This inductive study explores on the basis of 134 semi-structured interviews for the case of Germany, the impact of cultural identity on highly qualified migrants’ cultural and language bridging skills. A particular focus is put on the differentiation between first and second generation migrants. We find that cultural identity impacts migrants’ cultural and language bridging skills, prompting differences not only between generations but also within them. On this basis, we establish two sub-groups of first generation migrants: those with a separated identity (heritage culture is dominant) and those with an ambiguous identity (often unclear which culture dominates); similarly, we find two sub-groups of second generation migrants: those with an integrated identity (well-balanced combination of heritage and mainstream culture) and those with an assimilated identity (mainstream culture is dominant). We further ascertain that migrants with an integrated identity possess the highest degree of cultural and language bridging skills and, thus, constitute the best bridging agents in comparison to the other sub-groups. Our study provides a more nuanced understanding of migrants’ cultural identity formation and their impact on skilled migrants’ cultural and language bridging skills. In addition, it demonstrates the need to consider inter- but also intragenerational differences, when studying the impact of highly qualified migrants in organizational contexts.

Post-secondary education is a time that shapes identity. Emerging adulthood is also a life stage during which mental illness often emerges. Although increasing attention is being given to mental health support for transitional age youth, the role of culture and cultural identity is often not considered, considered abstractly, or considered only in relation to ethnicity. Who you are and who you become is shaped by where you come from and what you experience; therefore, it is important to understand how cultural identity impacts mental health and acculturation associated with post-secondary environments. Culture must be seen as a broad concept that extends beyond race, gender, and ethnicity. Culture is about patterns and power, and both contribute to (or threaten) belonging, resilience, inclusion, and exclusion. This paper takes a broad view of culture and argues that understanding and supporting cultural identity is critical for effectively supporting post-secondary youth mental health.

In contemporary times, Vietnam is recognized as a country with significant potential, attributed to its remarkable advancements across various sectors. The food and beverage industry, in particular, stands out as a highly promising market within the nation. Furthermore, the franchising model, widely embraced by entrepreneurs venturing into the food and beverage sector, was a favorable approach to achieving the Vietnamese market. Of notable importance is the impact of cultural identity on the adoption of the franchise model abroad. Against this backdrop, this research aims to investigate how cultural identity influences customer loyalty. To achieve this, a theoretical framework was crafted, encompassing elements such as cultural identity, perceived cultural marketing, perceived quality of food and beverages, perceived service quality from employees, customer satisfaction, and ultimately, customer loyalty. Additionally, the study delves into the role of Attitude-to-brands in mediating the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The investigation involved 257 Vietnamese diners who had experienced foreign franchised restaurants or coffee shops, analyzed using Smart PLS 4. The findings reveal a positive influence of cultural identity on customers’ perceptions of products and services, subsequently fostering customer loyalty. Furthermore, the study identifies attitude toward brands as a mediating factor in the intricate connection between customer satisfaction and loyalty. In essence, the insights gained from this research offer valuable guidance for franchise businesses seeking to enter or refine their strategies in the Vietnamese market. By uncovering the effects of cultural identification and customer attitude on customer loyalty, the study provides a foundation for informed decision-making and strategic adjustments in the dynamic landscape of the Vietnamese business environment.

Despite early fears that people living with HIV (PLWHs) in Africa would not be able to adhere to antiretrovirals (ARVs).1, 2 Research has shown that the proportion of PLWH reporting ≥95% adherence in sub-Saharan Africa is higher than in North America.3 However, maintaining adherence is a complex phenomenon and different ecological factors affect patient ability to access and adhere to ARVs: patient characteristics and context, ARV line regimen, clinical situation and the patient-health staff relationship. 4 In October 2008, the new minister of health announced that 550,000 PLWHs were on ARVs in South Africa, which is the highest number in the world.5 This achievement was recently tarnished by increasing alarm over the Free State public sector ARV programme. The Free State has the third highest HIV prevalence in the country (31%) 6. Since December 2008, the department of health has stopped initiating new patients on ARVs 7 because of drug stock-out and lack of funds. It is estimated that in this province 30 PLWHs are dying every day the moratorium continues.8While it is clear that this moratorium will increase morbidity and mortality, the loss of trust in the health system and the potential impact of the ARVs crisis on existing patient adherence should also be considered. Campero et.al. reported that patients already on ARVs share their medication with neighbors, relatives and/or friends who are delayed to start on ARVs 9. This practice could lead to drug resistance development in both people sharing the medication if they will have differential exposure to ARVs, 10-13 and on a public health level, raises serious concerns about drug failure, subsequent more expensive drug regimens and the spread of drug resistant strains of HIV. Patients’ perceptions of staff attitudes and waiting time were reported to be key factors for patients’ ARV adherence. 14 It is plausible that PLWHs will seek care in other provinces, and would consequently be required to return to outlying clinics on a monthly basis to pick-up their ARVs. Transport costs and the time needed to reach clinics are risk factors to both adherence and retention in care.15, 16 Patients currently on treatment – in the Free State and elsewhere - are understandably anxious about the health system’s ability to guarantee life-long access to ARVs. It was shown estimated that 300 000 people had died of AIDS in a preventable manner if the South African government had only responded to the AIDS crisis quickly in a coherent manner. 17 How the government now contains and repairs the damage being done in the Free State will be a litmus test for the long-term success of South Africa’s ARV programme.

With the increase of population mobility and the promotion of Intercultural interaction in college freshmen enrollment, cultural identity is more conducive to national unity, and national unity education emphasizes the identity of communities with common language, history, region, culture, customs, and habits. This paper expounds the realistic challenges of cultural pluralism to China's national education and national security under the background of globalization, introduces the basic characteristics of multiculturalism, and deeply studies the cultural diversity of China's ethnic regions and the integrated development of the Chinese nation. In view of the current situation in China, the impact of cultural identity on political, economic, cultural, religious, and ecological construction has introduced in detail. The economy promotes people's livelihood, the party's leadership stabilizes the social environment, and the cultural interaction of ethnic areas promotes cultural identity in college freshmen enrollment and national unity. Finally, the system construction from national cultural identity to Chinese cultural identity based on the theory of national identity is proposed. There are problems and influencing factors in the process of college freshmen enrollment, and corresponding suggestions for improvement have put forward. In addition, it should have pointed out that if cultural identity in college freshmen enrollment can have effectively used in the study of national unity education, it is necessary to draw on the relevant results of Intercultural perspective psychology.

The jury is out and the verdict is in, according to most leftist commentators on the African National Congress (ANC) government. The South African political leadership has forgotten its institution...

In low-income economies, large gender gaps suggest that fewer women engage in entrepreneurial activities. The quest for gender inclusion has been a relevant issue, contested among scholars investigating ways to alleviate poverty through economic growth in South Africa and the sphere of entrepreneurial studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the obstacles that female entrepreneurs in small, medium, and micro-informal companies face in the uMhlathuze Municipality in South Africa. Twenty-four (24) females who operate small and medium micro-informal companies were interviewed using a qualitative research methodology. Content analysis was used to examine the data. Females confront various challenges, including criminality, draughts, non-conducive working settings, and intense competitiveness, according to the research. Lack of infrastructure, funding and information, education and training, and operational permission concerns are all obstacles to business development. The key issues that most of the participants faced were a lack of funds, infrastructure, and education and training, all of which were used to develop recommendations. The municipality should establish training centres in each township to train and educate women who want to start or expand their companies. The study seeks to contribute to the literature on women entrepreneurship in the informal sector by focusing mainly on challenges/barriers hindering female entrepreneur’s success in the uMhlathuze Municipality. They are limited studies that have conducted a similar research in this geographic area.

This paper uses the 2010/11 Income and Expenditure Survey for South Africa to analyze the progressivity of the main tax and social spending programs and quantify their impact on poverty and inequality. The paper also assesses the redistributive effectiveness of fiscal interventions given the resources used. Because it applies the Commitment to Equity methodology, the results for South Africa can be compared with other middle-income countries for which the framework has also been applied. The main results are twofold. First, the burden of taxes -- namely the personal income tax, the value added tax, excises on alcohol and tobacco, and the fuel levy -- falls on the richest in South Africa and social spending results in sizable increases in the incomes of the poor. In other words, for the components examined, the tax and social spending system is overall progressive. Second, for these elements, fiscal policy in South Africa achieves appreciable reductions in income inequality and poverty. Moreover, these reductions are the largest achieved in the emerging market countries that have so far been included in the Commitment to Equity project. Although fiscal policy is equalizing and poverty-reducing, the levels of inequality and poverty that remain still rank among the highest in middle-income countries. Looking ahead, as South Africa grapples with slow economic growth, a high fiscal deficit, and a rising debt burden, addressing the twin challenges of high inequality and poverty will require not only much improved quality of public services, but also higher and more inclusive economic growth.

This paper uses the 2010/11 Income and Expenditure Survey for South Africa to analyze the progressivity of the main tax and social spending programs and quantify their impact on poverty and inequality. The paper also assesses the redistributive effectiveness of fiscal interventions given the resources used. Because it applies the Commitment to Equity methodology, the results for South Africa can be compared with other middle-income countries for which the framework has also been applied. The main results are twofold. First, the burden of taxes -- namely the personal income tax, the value added tax, excises on alcohol and tobacco, and the fuel levy -- falls on the richest in South Africa and social spending results in sizable increases in the incomes of the poor. In other words, for the components examined, the tax and social spending system is overall progressive. Second, for these elements, fiscal policy in South Africa achieves appreciable reductions in income inequality and poverty. Moreover, these reductions are the largest achieved in the emerging market countries that have so far been included in the Commitment to Equity project. Although fiscal policy is equalizing and poverty-reducing, the levels of inequality and poverty that remain still rank among the highest in middle-income countries. Looking ahead, as South Africa grapples with slow economic growth, a high fiscal deficit, and a rising debt burden, addressing the twin challenges of high inequality and poverty will require not only much improved quality of public services, but also higher and more inclusive economic growth.

Innovation has become critical for many countries in the Global South, particularly in responding to challenges such as slow economic growth, primary commodity dependence, and socio-economic inequalities. Since 1996, the National System of Innovation (NSI) approach has been adopted by policymakers in South Africa in order to address these concerns. There are two distinct and complementary modes of innovation: (1) Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), which focuses on the promotion and commercialization of research and development (R&D); and (2) Doing, Using and Interacting (DUI), which involves business strategies, knowledge sharing among employees, and interactive learning between users and producers. In this article, we analyze the modes of innovation used by small, medium, and micro-sized enterprises (SMMEs) in South Africa, and identify their potential to use business model innovation to help tackle social challenges. Based on a Latent Class Analysis of online survey data collected from SMMEs in the Gauteng Province, we found that 82% used the DUI mode, 18% used the STI mode, and 72% expressed confidence that their innovative solutions could help tackle social challenges. We therefore recommend that policymakers further incentivize the STI mode within SMMEs, in order to more effectively address social inclusion problems in South Africa.

Economies in the global South, especially in Southern Africa, are dealing with high unemployment, persistent inequality, and slow economic growth. This makes a strong savings culture vital for economic progress. South Africa, in particular, is facing the dual challenges of low savings rates and poor financial literacy, especially among its youth. This study delves into the factors that shape the savings habits of first-year university students in South Africa. By understanding their financial behaviour’s, we can develop targeted interventions to promote a healthy savings culture. Using an explanatory research approach and a quantitative design, data were gathered from a representative sample of 103 first-year accounting students at a South African university through a survey questionnaire. coefficients of the regression model showed a strong link between students' saving behaviour and key factors like saving culture, financial education, and personal values & financial discipline. In contrast, income level showed a weak correlation, indicating that ingrained saving habits, financial knowledge, and personal values are more crucial in shaping students' saving habits. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and educators aiming to develop effective strategies to enhance financial literacy and build a stronger savings culture among young adults in South Africa, ultimately contributing to the region's long-term economic well-being.

The relationship between cultural identity and career identity has emerged as a central topic in higher education, particularly within the field of psychology. This study investigates how cultural identity influences the development of university students' career identity through psychology education curricula. Drawing on a systematic review of existing literature, the study examines the interactions between these two constructs and the mediating role of psychology education. Results indicate that cultural identity significantly influences the formation of career identity via both cognitive and affective pathways. Furthermore, psychology courses that incorporate cultural elements effectively promote clarity in students' career goals and direction. The study emphasizes the importance for higher education institutions to integrate cultural identity education into curriculum design to enhance students’ career development.

Learning outcomes On completion of the case study, students will understand the following learning objectives: the characteristics of quantitative easing (QE) and when it may be appropriate to implement QE; how QE differs from a conventional bond purchasing programme; the impact of direct financing of the fiscus by the central bank on its independence; how the macro-economic and political environments affect and influence national economic policy; the difference between traditional and unconventional monetary policies and potential implications for an economy like South Africa. The learnings from this case study can be used in other global economic environments, particularly in emerging markets. This case study provides valuable insights into decision-making, institutional independence, policy coordination, deficit financing, causes and consequences of price inflation, risks relating to monetary instability and the correct application of monetary policy. Case overview/synopsis After the announcement of the COVID-19-related lockdown in March 2020 and the subsequent slow-down of economic activity in South Africa, the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) had to consider appropriate macro-economic tools to ensure both price and financial stability in South Africa. The macro-economic policy tools had to be considered in light of the South African economic context, which included acknowledgement of South Africa’s debt crisis and slow economic growth. The central bank responded by introducing the following measures: reducing interest rates to a record low of 3.5% to give consumers financial relief and to promote spending in the economy; purchasing government bonds in the secondary markets to stabilise financial markets; facilitating the loan guarantee scheme that was aimed at providing financial relief to small- and medium-sized enterprises; relaxing the capital and liquidity adequacy requirements that commercial banks are required to meet; and ensuring availability of liquidity to banks through facilities such as the weekly repo auctions. However, despite introducing these interventions, the SARB faced calls from politicians, analysts and academics to do more. Various commentators argued that the SARB could introduce QE and directly finance government spending by purchasing government bonds. Some commentators argued that the reluctance of the SARB to pursue these suggestions was a result of the close alignment and relationship between the SARB and National Treasury. The dilemma faced by Governor Lesetja Kganyago of the SARB was threefold, namely, whether it was appropriate for the central bank to pursue the initiatives and, if so, whether the bank could pursue them without compromising its independence, and if the introduction of those initiatives would not adversely affect the ability of the central bank to fulfil its mandate of price stability and financial stability. In this regard, the governor and his executive team were required to consider the long-term implications of introducing the initiatives on consumer price inflation, independence of the SARB and the appropriate use of monetary policy tools to fulfil the central bank’s mandate. But the question was: What policies should the governor favour? Complexity academic level This case study is based on various macro-economic theories. Therefore, it would be useful to teach this case study in macro-economic courses in the following programmes: master’s in business administration, bachelor of commerce, bachelor of economic sciences and business science studies, as well as on executive education programmes, which consider macro-economic policy. In general, students who undertake economics, business and general management, finance, legal, commerce and banking studies could learn from this case study. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.

Heavy drinking and smoking have been found to be among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality within Indigenous youth in North America. The focus of this study was to examine the relative roles of cultural identity, parent-child communication about the harms of substance use (SU), and perception about peers' opinions on heavy drinking and cigarette smoking among Indigenous youth. Strong Indigenous cultural identity, parent-child communication about SU, and affiliation with peers who do not use and/or who disapprove of substance use were all expected to reduce risk for heavy drinking and smoking. Substance use beliefs were hypothesized to mediate these effects. Youth (N = 117; Mage = 14.07; grades 6-11) from two Indigenous communities in Quebec completed self-reports. Consistent with the hypotheses, strong cultural identity predicted increased negative beliefs about substance use, which predicted reduced drinking and smoking. Similarly, affiliating with peers who did not use alcohol predicted decreased positive beliefs about alcohol use, which predicted reduced drinking. Affiliating with peers who did not smoke cigarettes predicted reduced cigarette smoking. Parental influences were not supported in this model. Intervention strategies may benefit from targeting cultural identity, peer groups, and substance use beliefs among Indigenous youth.