The CDKN2A/B rs10811661 polymorphism is associated with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and lipid levels in individuals with obesity and impaired fasting glucose.

ObjectiveThe prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) has increased rapidly in Taiwan and worldwide. We aim to determine the association between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and MS in a Chinese general population.MethodsThis case-control study recruited subjects who have undergone a prospective electrocardiogram-based cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC) sleep spectrogram as part of the periodic health check-ups at the National Taiwan University Hospital. Comprehensive anthropometrics, blood biochemistry, prevalence of MS and its individual components were compared with Bonferroni correction between 40 subjects with SDB, defined as the CPC-derived apnea–hypopnea index (CPC-AHI) >5 event/hour and 80 age- and sex-matched controls, defined as CPC-AHI <1 event/hour. MS was diagnosed based on the Adult Treatment Panel III, with a modification of waist circumference for Asians.ResultsSubjects with SDB were more obese with larger waist circumferences (95.1±12.9 vs. 87.3±6.9, P < .001) and borderline higher BMI (27.0±4.9 vs. 24.3±2.5, P = .002). Waist circumference was independently associated with the presence of SDB after adjustment for BMI, systolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose in multiple regression analyses. Subjects with SDB had a higher prevalence of central obesity (72.5% vs. 42.5%, P = .002), hyperglycemia (45.0% vs. 26.3%, P = .04), MS (45.0% vs. 22.5%, P = .01) and number of MS components (2.4 ± 1.6 vs. 1.7 ± 1.4, P = .01) than the control group. Waist circumference was significantly correlated with both CPC-AHI (r = .492, P = .0013) and PSG-AHI (r = .699, P < .0001) in the SDB group.ConclusionsSDB was associated with a higher prevalence of MS and its individual components, notably central obesity, in a Chinese general population. Large-scale screening of high risk population with MS to identify subjects with SDB for appropriate management is warranted.

IntroductionMetabolic syndrome (MS) is a set of cardiovascular risk factors and type 2 diabetes, responsible for a 2.5-fold increased cardiovascular mortality and a 5-fold higher risk of developing diabetes.Objectives1-to evaluate the prevalence of MS in individuals over 18 years associated with age, gender, socioeconomic status, educational levels, body mass index (BMI), HOMA index and physical activity; moreover, to compare it to other studies; 2-to compare the prevalence of elevated blood pressure (BP), high triglycerides and plasma glucose levels, low HDL cholesterol and high waist circumference among individuals with MS also according to gender; 3-to determine the number of risk factors in subjects with MS and prevalence of complications in individuals with and without MS aged over 40 years.MethodsA cross-sectional study of 1369 Individuals, 667 males (48.7%) and 702 females (51.3%) was considered to evaluate the prevalence of MS and associated factors in the population.ResultsThe study showed that 22.7% (95% CI: 19.4% to 26.0%) of the population has MS, which increases with age, higher BMI and sedentary lifestyle. There was no significant difference between genders until age ≥70 years and social classes. Higher prevalence of MS was observed in lower educational levels and higher prevalence of HOMA positive among individuals with MS. The most prevalent risk factors were elevated blood pressure (85%), low HDL cholesterol (83.1%) and increased waist circumference (82.5%). The prevalence of elevated BP, low HDL cholesterol and plasma glucose levels did not show significant difference between genders. Individuals with MS had higher risk of cardiovascular complications over 40 years.ConclusionThe prevalence of MS found is similar to that in developed countries, being influenced by age, body mass index, educational levels, physical activity, and leading to a higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications after the 4th decade of life.

Introduction: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in children and adolescents is becoming a global public health concern. MS tracks into adulthood increasing the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. This study was designed to verify the rate of MS in elementary school students of Birjand, as a representative sample of Iranian children to verify the best preventive measures in this age group. Methods: This descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study was performed on 1425 elementary school children through multiple-cluster sampling in 2013. Height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure of children were measured by standard methods. Blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were also measured after 12 hours fasting. MS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) based on the National Cholesterol Education Program. Data were analyzed by SPSS using t test and chi-square test. Significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of MS was 5.3% which increased with age. 43.5% of the studied cases had one or more components of the MS. The most common components were hypertension, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol and impaired fasting glucose, respectively. MS prevalence was 0.9% in normal weight, 11.3% in overweight and 36.2% in obese children. Conclusion: Regarding the high prevalence of MS in elementary school children in our region, screening for obesity is recommended to prevent adulthood complications. Therapeutic lifestyle changes and maintenance of regular physical activity are the most important strategies for preventing childhood obesity.

A multi-stratified cluster sampling method was used in this study. A total of 1 357 residents who underwent physical examinations in Linxia were included. The prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome(MS)in Lixia was investigated and analyzed according to the modified 2005 National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ(ATP Ⅲ)standard, the 2004 Chinese Diabetes Society(CDS)standard, and the International Diabetes Federation(IDF)Standard. Using the ATP Ⅲ criterion for diagnosis, the total prevalence of MS was 26.01%, and increased with the age. Using the standard CDS, the total prevalence of MS was 12.97%, and fluctuated with aging. Besides, the total prevalence of MS was 12.45% according to IDF standard, and increased with age. Regardless of standard types, the prevalence of MS in males was higher than that in females. Under ATP Ⅲ standards, the prevalences of MS in Han and Hui population were 28.11% and 27.53%, respectively. Dongxiang population had the lowest prevalence of 8.54%. Under CDS standard, the highest prevalence of MS was among Hui population(16.23%), and Tibetan population had the lowest prevalence(5.45%). Furthermore, the prevalence of MS in Han population was the highest of 13.83% and Tibetan people was the lowest of 3.64% when based on the IDF standard. Regardless of standards types, the prevalences of MS in various nationalities were significantly different(P<0.05). Among all the components of MS, hypertriglyceridemia was the highest in male and lower high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, as well as higher rate of elevated blood glucose levels in females. (Chin J Endocrinol Metab, 2016, 32: 837-840) Key words: Metabolic syndrome; Prevalence; Diagnostic standard

The long residence of indigenous peoples in the North environment resulted in a «polar metabolic type», supported by a traditional way of life, including special nutrition, household, and everyday life. Lifestyle changes in recent decades have led to the rearrangement of adaptive metabolic benefits and increased the prevalence of metabolic disorders in the indigenous population. Objective. To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in indigenous rural residents of Central Yakutia. Materials and methods. The sample included 306 subjects (115 males and 191 females) from the Ust-Aldan ulus, examined using the NCEP/ATP III criteria (2005). The study methods included questionnaires, anthropometric measurements (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference), blood chemistry tests (glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, lactate dehydrogenase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase), and statistical processing (using the SPSS 23 software). Results. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) was 28.1%, with no significant gender differences (28.6% in females and 27.8% in males). The greatest risk of MS was at the age of 60—69 years (44.6%), decreasing after 70 years (15.4%). Metabolic syndrome was associated with obesity (55.5% with BMI ≥30 kg/m2), abdominal obesity (65.4%), hypertension (prevalence of MS in individuals with hypertension was 65.4% vs. 8.9% in those without hypertension), and low level of education (32.6% in those with secondary education vs. 13.7% in those with higher education). In smokers, the risk of developing MS increased significantly with age and was statistically significantly higher compared to non-smokers in the 30—39, 40—49, and 60—69 age groups. The high prevalence of MS (32.5%) was observed among agricultural workers compared to other workers. Conclusion. The data obtained showed a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the rural population of Central Yakutia, comparable to all-Russian rate. Key risk factors were age, obesity, hypertension, smoking, low level of education, and specific occupations. The study results indicate the need to create and implement preventive programs aimed at reducing cardiometabolic risk in indigenous peoples of the North, given their unique traditional way of life.

An Evidence-Based Review of Exercise and Metabolic Syndrome

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases after menopause; however, the role of concomitant subclinical hypothyroidism has not been completely elucidated. The aim of the study was to identify associations between thyrotropin, immune status, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. The specific goals were: to assess thyrotropin (TSH) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations in the serum of subclinical hypothyroid postmenopausal women with and without metabolic syndrome and compare them with euthyroid controls; to test whether immune status is related to metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women and determine the role of IL-6; to examine the relationships between TSH and different features of metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance, waist circumferences, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), BMI, metabolic parameters (triglycerides, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6). Three hundred and seventy-two postmenopausal women were included in the study: 114 women had subclinical hypothyroidism (10.0 uIU/mL > TSH ≥ 4.5 uIU/mL, normal fT4), and 258 women were in euthyreosis (TSH 0.35-4.5 uIU/mL, normal fT4); both groups were matched by age. Anthropometric measurements were conducted (BMI, waist circumference, WHR) and blood pressure was measured. In all subjects the following were assessed in serum: lipid profile, glucose, insulin, TSH, fT4, thyroid antibodies (T-Abs) - TPO-Abs, TG-Abs, and IL-6 concentrations. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 49.12% in subclinical hypothyroid women and 46.89% in euthyroid women. However, the proportion of subjects with one or two abnormalities was significantly higher in the subclinical hypothyroid group (45.61%) than in the euthyroid group (32.17%). When we compared subclinical hypothyroid women with and without metabolic syndrome, subjects with metabolic syndrome had higher BMI, abdominal circumferences, WHR, and HOMA-I. They presented higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, IL-6, TSH, T-Abs were also higher and serum cHDL was lower. There were no significant differences in fT4 concentrations. A similar comparison was made for euthyroid women with and without metabolic syndrome. Higher BMI, waist circumference, WHR, HOMA-I, and systolic blood pressure were observed in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Serum concentrations of TSH, triglycerides, glucose, and IL-6 were also higher, but the concentration of cHDL was significantly lower. There were no significant differences in fT4, T-Abs, cholesterol levels, and diastolic pressure. When we compared euthyroid women T-Abs (+) and T-Abs (-), the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was similar (48.68% vs. 46.15%). There were no differences in BMI, waist circumference, WHR, lipid profile, glucose, and HOMA-I, fT4. However, thyroid autoimmunity was associated with elevated TSH and IL-6 levels. When we analysed subclinical hypothyroid women with and without thyroid autoimmunity, there were no significant differences in glucose and lipid profile. However, Hashimoto`s subjects were more obese, had higher waist circumference, WHR, HOMA-I, and higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Serum concentrations of TSH and IL-6 were also higher and fT4 was lower. Among all of the women, serum TSH concentration was significantly correlated with BMI, waist circumference, WHR, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, and TPO-Abs. When the variables of subjects with upper quartile of TSH were compared with lower quartile of TSH, we found significantly higher BMI, waist circumference, WHR, increased concentration of IL-6, cholesterol, triglycerides, and T-Abs, and concentrations of cHDL and fT4 were lower. OR for metabolic syndrome in subjects with upper quartile TSH vs. lower quartile was 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10-1.60). Our study confirms that metabolic syndrome in both euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroid women is connected with obesity, visceral fat accumulation, and higher TSH and IL-6 concentrations. Immune thyroiditis is associated with higher TSH and IL-6 levels. Obese subclinical hypothyroid women with Hashimoto`s thyroditis have a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome when compared with subclinical hypothyroid women without thyroid autoimmunity. It is possible that in the crosstalking between subclinical hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome, enhanced proinflammatory cytokine release in the course of immunological thyroiditis plays a role.

<i>Background</i>: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) has increased exponentially this last decades in sub Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, its components and the risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome in Cameroonian pregnant women. <i>Methods</i>: It was a hospital-based cross sectional study involving pregnant women recruited in 16 public health facilities in the Centre and Littoral Regions of Cameroon. Socio-demographic factors and medical history were recorded using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected and biochemical analyses were performed at the Laboratory Unit of the Bangangté District Hospital. The criteria given by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III 2004) were modified to adapt in pregnancy state and used for assessment of metabolic syndrome. The Chi-square test, Pearson correlation test, Student-test, and multivariable logistic regression were used in this study. <i>Results</i>: A total of 859 pregnant women aged from 17 to 45 years were enrolled. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 7.0%. The prevalence of individual components of metabolic syndrome were: hyperglycaemia (47.1%), obesity (24.0%), hypertension (20.5%), Low High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (16.3%) and hypertriglyceridaemia (3.7%). Participants with metabolic syndrome had higher mean values of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, body mass index, triglycerides and lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to those without metabolic syndrome. There was no significant association between socio-demographic factors and metabolic syndrome. High parity, family (parents) history of type 2 diabetes mellitus were positively associated with metabolic syndrome. Parity and gravidity were positively correlated with obesity. Obesity, hyperglycaemia, high systolic blood pressure, low high density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, 72.6% of participants displayed at least one risk factor of metabolic syndrome. <i>Conclusion</i>: Metabolic syndrome is common in the Cameroonian pregnant women and its most prevalent components are hyperglycaemia and obesity. Increased in parity and parent history of type 2 diabetes mellitus were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. Also, more than two-third of participants have at least one component of metabolic syndrome. The high prevalence of metabolic syndrome, hyperglycemia, obesity and hypertension demonstrates the need to closely follow up pregnant women in order to minimize the risk of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, maternal and foetal adverse outcomes.

Metabolic Syndrome (MS) increases the risk of diabetes and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease. However, the prevalence of MS could differ by ethnicity and lifestyle factors. To determine the prevalence of MS in Mapuche individuals living in urban and rural environments in Chile and to investigate whether the prevalence and risk of MS in urban and rural environments differs by sex, age and nutritional status. A total of 1077 Mapuche participants were recruited from urban (MU = 288) and rural (MR = 789) settings. Body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure were measured. A fasting blood sample was obtained to measure serum glucose, HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol. The prevalence of MS was determined using the unified IDF and ATP-III criteria. An environment and sex interaction was found for the prevalence of MS (p = 0.042). The prevalence was significantly lower in male MR (13%) compared to other groups (22, 23 and 25% among female MR, female MU and male MU respectively). Also, the prevalence of central obesity and low HDL-cholesterol were significantly lower in male MR. MU are at an increased risk of developing MS compared to MR, with an odds ratio of 1.59 (95% confidence intervals 1.1 to 2.2). This risk increases along with age or body mass index of the population. The adoption of an urbanized lifestyle increases the risk of developing MS in Mapuche individuals. This risk is enhanced by age and nutritional status.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the most common combination of cardiometabolic disorders among different ethnic groups of obese adolescents in Malaysia. A cross-sectional study among 335 obese adolescent boys and girls aged 12-18 years from 10 randomly selected schools was conducted. After recording blood pressure and waist circumference (WC), a fasting blood sample was obtained and analyzed for glucose and lipids. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed on the basis of adolescent metabolic syndrome criteria specified by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III if three of the five risk factors--hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein C, and increased WC--were present. The prevalence among different ethnic groups was analyzed. The obesity rate among adolescents was 8.4%, and nearly one-third of the obese adolescents had metabolic syndrome. More than 90% of obese adolescents had at least one metabolic abnormality. Metabolic syndrome was more prevalent among obese boys (40.2%) compared to obese girls (17%). Boys had significantly higher mean WC and triglycerides and lower HDL-C (P value 0.0001). Increased WC and triglycerides and high blood pressure comprised the most prevalent (34.3%) risk factor combination followed by WC, low HDL, and high blood pressure (22.5%). Over all, Indians had the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome (36.4%), followed by Chinese (33.8%) and Malays (27.4%). Elevated triglyceride levels were more prevalent among Chinese, hypertension among Malays, and the other three abnormalities among Indians. Indians had the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Increased WC and triglycerides and high blood pressure comprised the most prevalent risk factor combination.

Insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are increasingly being reported in the global medical literature. This cross-sectional study was done to describe the occurrence of metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance in HIV-positive patients in a tertiary referral center in South India. A total of 60 patients who had HIV infection for 12 months or more were enrolled in the study. Of these, 30 patients were antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve, and 30 were treated with ART. Biochemical estimations (fasting blood glucose, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, lipid profile, and fasting insulin) and anthropometric measurements (height, weight, and waist circumference) were performed for each patient. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed using National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Plan III criteria, and insulin resistance was calculated applying the homeostasis model assessment method. Diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glycemia, and impaired glucose tolerance were diagnosed based on American Diabetes Association criteria. A high prevalence of metabolic syndrome was observed in patients with HIV (16/60), and was more prevalent in the ART-treated group (13/30; P = 0.028). Similarly, insulin resistance was also noted to be high (24/60), and of these patients, 15 were on ART. Seventy-five percent of patients with metabolic syndrome had insulin resistance. Diabetes was diagnosed in one patient who was ART-naïve and in six patients who were on ART. Our observations suggest an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus in ART-treated patients. These warrant attention and substantiation with larger studies. While ART improves survival, it may lead on to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially in the Indian subcontinent where there is a genetic predisposition to cardiovascular risk.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an Indian urban population

Metabolic Syndrome

There are some reports that diabetes and metabolic syndrome (MS) are more prevalent among schizophrenia patients. However, there are very few studies in India which have estimated the prevalence of diabetes and MS in schizophrenia patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of diabetes, obesity, and MS in subjects with and without schizophrenia. This case control study comprised of "cases" i.e. subjects with schizophrenia recruited from a schizophrenia centre at Chennai and "controls" i.e. healthy age- and gender-matched subjects without psychiatric illness selected from an ongoing epidemiological study in Chennai in a 1:4 ratio of cases: Controls. Fasting plasma glucose and serum lipids were estimated for all subjects. Anthropometric measures including height, weight, and waist circumference were assessed. Diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were defined using American Diabetes Association criteria. One-way ANOVA or student's "t" test was used to compare continuous variables and Chi-square test to compare proportion between two groups. The study group comprised of 655 subjects, 131 with schizophrenia and a control group of 524 subjects without schizophrenia. The prevalence of the diabetes, IFG, abdominal obesity and MS were significantly higher among subjects with schizophrenia compared to those without schizophrenia-diabetes (15.3% vs. 7.3%, P=0.003), IFG (31.3% vs. 8.6%, P<0.001), abdominal obesity (59.2% vs. 44.7%, P<0.001), and MS (34.4% vs. 24%, P=0.014). In subjects with schizophrenia, the prevalence of diabetes, IFG, abdominal obesity, and MS is significantly higher than in those without schizophrenia.

Comparison of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and risk factors in urban and rural Mexican Tarahumara-foot runners