Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes various inflammatory local infections, from those of the skin to postinfectious glomerulonephritis. These infections could result in serious threats, putting the life of the patient in danger. Antibiotic-resistant S. aureus could lead to dramatic increases in human mortality. Antibiotic resistance would explicate the failure of current antibiotic therapies. So, it is obvious that an effective vaccine against S. aureus infections would significantly reduce costs related to care in hospitals. Bacterial vaccines have important impacts on morbidity and mortality caused by several common pathogens, however, a prophylactic vaccine against staphylococci has not yet been produced. During the last decades, the efforts to develop an S. aureus vaccine have faced two major failures in clinical trials. New strategies for vaccine development against S. aureus has supported the use of multiple antigens, the inclusion of adjuvants, and the focus on various virulence mechanisms. We aimed to present a compressive review of different antigens of S. aureus and also to introduce vaccine candidates undergoing clinical trials, from which can help us to choose a suitable and effective candidate for vaccine development against S. aureus.
Highlights
Staphylococcus aureus belongs to the Micrococcaceae family and appears as Gram-positive cocci, 1 μm in diameter, in grape-like clusters
Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains are resistant to many antibiotics, even against the antibiotics that are approved for the treatment of the S. aureus infections such as linezolid, daptomycin, vancomycin, and clindamycin
Bacterial vaccines have significantly reduced morbidity and mortality caused by several common pathogens, including Haemophilus influenzae type B, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus
Summary
Staphylococcus aureus (hereafter called S. aureus) belongs to the Micrococcaceae family and appears as Gram-positive cocci, 1 μm in diameter, in grape-like clusters. In 2011, the Phase IIb/III of the trial was initiated to evaluate the safety and efficacy of preoperative vaccination in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery Among those with median sternotomy, V710 vaccine use, as compared with placebo, did not reduce the rate of serious postoperative S. aureus infections but increased the risk of mortality among the patients. Further investigation showed that SA4Ag showed an acceptable safety profile and induced rapid and robust functional immune responses in the 20 to 64 and 65 to 85 years groups [40] This vaccine showed good results against the progressive condition of S. aureus infection in an animal study. Phase 2 clinical trials (which are in progress) will evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the NDV-3A candidate vaccine (NovaDigm Therapeutics, Inc., Grand Forks, ND, USA), to prevent the incidental nasal acquisition of S. aureus among a population of military recruits at increased risk for S. aureus colonization and disease.
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