Abstract
This paper offers an inductive, exploratory study on the role of input and individual differences in the early code-mixing of bilingual children. Drawing on data from two German-English bilingual children, aged 2–4, we use the traceback method to check whether their code-mixed utterances can be accounted for with the help of constructional patterns that can be found in their monolingual data and/or in their caregivers' input. In addition, we apply the traceback method to check whether the patterns used by one child can also be found in the input of the other child. Results show that patterns found in the code-mixed utterances could be traced back to the input the children receive, suggesting that children extract lexical knowledge from their environment. Additionally, tracing back patterns within each child was more successful than tracing back to the other child's corpus, indicating that each child has their own set of patterns which depends very much on their individual input. As such, these findings can shed new light on the interplay of the two developing grammars in bilingual children and their individual differences.
Highlights
Usage-based accounts of linguistic phenomena have become increasingly important in the field of language acquisition
Building Blocks of Code-Mixing usage-based perspective, it can be assumed that the same mechanisms that have been shown to drive monolingual acquisition play a role in multilingual acquisition and codemixing as well
We extend a previous study by Quick et al (2019) by discussing what the traceback method can contribute to inductively identifying individual differences in children’s code-mixing
Summary
Usage-based accounts of linguistic phenomena have become increasingly important in the field of language acquisition. Most research on code-mixing so far (e.g., Poplack, 1980; Myers-Scotton, 1997; MacSwan, 2000; Cantone, 2007) has adopted a structuralist/constraint-based framework. From a Building Blocks of Code-Mixing usage-based perspective, it can be assumed that the same mechanisms that have been shown to drive monolingual acquisition play a role in multilingual acquisition and codemixing as well. These mechanisms include analogy and pattern finding (Tomasello, 2009) as well as chunking and frequency effects (see e.g., Diessel, 2019)
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