Abstract
Abstract This chapter explores efforts to create explicitly nontheistic Godless religions that, unlike God-optional religion, would exclude theists. The main figure in the chapter is Charles Francis Potter, a Unitarian and Universalist minister who eventually became a humanist. Potter was an important figure in the creation of an independent humanist movement separate from Unitarianism. The chapter also briefly examines the career of Sherwin Wine, who created Humanistic Judaism and the Humanist Society of Friends, a schismatic group from the Religious Society of Friends. The chapter argues that the division between Godless and God-optional groups was permeable and often illusive in practice.
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