Abstract
The elephant trunk functions as a muscular hydrostat: it can achieve elaborate movements without the support of any bone. Elephants have evolved unique biomechanical strategies to manage the complexity of this organ. Its 3D trajectories are composed of basic elements of torsion, curvature and elongation (motion primitives), emerging from the orchestrated actions of antagonist muscle groups. - submission by Paule Dagenais, Michel C. Milinkovitch
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