Abstract
While testing the efficacy of herbicides on paddy weeds at the Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII) in 2008, we encountered the failure of arrowhead ( Sagittaria sagittifolia L., Alismataceae) seeds to germinate. Detailed investigation revealed physical damage of seeds caused by the larvae of Gynnido- morpha permixtana (Denis & Schiffermuller, 1775) (Tortricidae, Tortricinae, Cochylina). Further studies showed that larvae feed on the seeds and flowers of the host plant and destroy the achenes. Under labo -
Highlights
Arrowhead (Sagittaria sagittifolia L.; Alismataceae) is a perennial weed that is present throughout the rice growing areas of eastern Asia (Naylor 1996)
Until now eighty-two species of Cochylini from twelve genera have been recorded from Iran and these are the following: Aethes Billberg, 1820; Agapeta Hübner, 1822; Ceratoxanthis Razowski, 1960; Cochylidia Obraztsov, 1956; Cochylimorpha Razowski, 1960; Cochylis Treitschke, 1829; Diceratura Djakonov, 1929; Eugnosta Hübner, 1825; Fulvoclysia Obraztsov, 1943; Gynnidomorpha Turner, 1916; Phalonidia Le Marchand, 1933 and Phtheochroa Stephens, 1829 (Alipanah 2009)
The genus Gynnidomorpha Turner, 1916, assigned to the subtribe Cochylina (Tortricidae: Tortricinae), includes 17 species that are recorded from the Holarctic, Oriental, and Australian regions, with greatest species richness documented from the Palaearctic region (Sun and Li 2013)
Summary
Arrowhead (Sagittaria sagittifolia L.; Alismataceae) is a perennial weed that is present throughout the rice growing areas of eastern Asia (Naylor 1996). It is a major weed pest of paddy rice in Iran (Mohammadsharifi 2000). In Korea and Japan arrowhead is ranked as the most important weed in paddy fields (Itoh and Miyahara 1988; Kwon 1993; Chung et al 1998). Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Fig. 1) is a trans-Palaearctic species, occurring from the British Isles to the Ural Mts., Afghanistan, Mongolia, China (Razowski 2002), Korea (Byun and Li 2006) and Iran (Alipanah 2009). Tenore., Haghani et al.: The biology of Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)
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