The Best Wife is an Obedient Wife. Is the Best Husband Just Any Husband? On the Means and Differences in Expressing Marital Love in the Sixteenth-Century Wills of Lwow Towns-people

To assess the role of women in early modern society, this article will examine the evidence to be found contained in probate documents, in particular surviving wills. Historians have utilized the data contained within wills as a successful method to investigate kinship, inheritance, religion, and many other social patterns prevalent in the early modern period.1 To undertake this study of women in early modern Northamptonshire, the evidence collected from the will documents will indicate, through the items bequeathed, where women fitted within the inheritance process, how this reflects on their role within early modern families and communities, and if there were any marked differences between the inheritance, kinship, and community patterns to be found between the wills of men and women.

New Testament scholarship needs to think of mythical narratives like the Gospels as giving expression to sharply contrasting cosmological views. Such a view of mythical narratives is developed by Claude Lévi-Strauss and supported by the presence of two very contrasting views of the origins of evil and its overcoming in Jewish literature of the turn of the era: one cosmological, the other forensic. Markan scholarship of the last 50 years has tended to construe Mark’s cosmology in terms of one or other of these basic views: either Mark portrays Jesus as locked in cosmic struggle with Satan and his forces or, having bound Satan, as engaged in a battle for the hearts and wills of men and women. Mark, I argue, is concerned to give expression to both these different views of the world and to attempt to mediate between them.

This article analyses early modern wills of aristocratic women and men using an emotional-historical approach. It takes a close look at both the material dispositions and emotive interjections in the wills and systematically relates them to each other. In this way, the relationships between men and women, characterised by one-sided reciprocity, between parents and children, between siblings, as well as other relatives come into view. Focusing on emotive references reveals first a tendency to legitimise and enforce the predominantly patrilineal social order and to make it acceptable to all actors. Second, it shows that women created a parallel wealth axis which could take on consistent dimensions and to which these women often referred by using emotive references.

The article sheds light on the problem of gender segregation of the emotional sphere of students. The concepts of masculinity, femininity, androgyny are analyzed.There are outlined the functional peculiarities of the manifestation of gender differences in the cognitive and emotional sphere of a person, namely: emotional memory and emotional intellect, expressiveness and a tendency to experience positive and negative basic emotions. Dependence of gender differences from age is noted: the older the age group, the more distinct the gender differences are.Results of the empirical study of the students of the National Aviation University by S. Bem's method "Masculinity-femininity" and the method of diagnostics of emotionality V.М. Rusalova showed that the manifestation of student emotions is mainly determined by their gender identity. Among the respondents the androgynuos students who successfully combine both femininity and masculinity prevail. Thanks to this combination of feminine and male characteristic, adaptability and sustainability in social contacts increase. Students' emotionality was also studied and it was found that the majority of respondents have low psychomotor emotional indexes, that is, they exhibit low sensitivity (indifference), a sense of tranquility, self-confidence in the performance of physical work, lack of anxiety in case of non-fulfillment or poor implementation. The resulting average of intellectual and communicative emotions indicates a slight emotional experience and anxiety about the discrepancy between the expected and realistic result of mental stress and communication failures. With the help of established correlation relationships, it has been experimentally proved that feminine students have average indicators of general emotionality, while masculine ones are low. This is evidence of the important influence of the psychological sex of people on their manifestations of emotions in the process of life.

The relevance of the work is due to the interest of the scientific linguistic community in the problem of the manifestation of emotivity among representatives of different nationalities during the creation of travel video blogs. The main purpose of this work is to diagnose emotional characteristics and to make a comparative analysis of the speech manifestation of emotions in Russian and American travel video bloggers. This article presents an experiment that is carried out within the framework of the modified content analysis method in the aspect of hidden pragmalinguistics. During the experiment, some categories of emotions of travel video bloggers were discovered, which were identified based on the frequency of actualization in their texts of some plans of speech strategies of hidden influence. Positive and negative emotions were found among the emotions of Russian travel video bloggers, such as joy, enthusiasm, enthusiasm, indignation, resentment, anxiety. American travel video bloggers expressed positive and neutral emotions in their videos. The following emotions were revealed: satisfaction, inspiration, delight. At the same time, there was a manifestation of confidence. Based on the data obtained, a comparative analysis was conducted, during which it turned out that Russian video bloggers had a gender division in the process of analyzing emotive features, which manifested itself in the fact that men are prone to negative emotivity, whereas women are usually positive. American travel video bloggers did not show any negative manifestations of emotions.

Positive emotions have been implicated in the development of coping resources and resilience for psychological health across various significant life events. Childbirth is often an event that incites positive emotions in a woman, and it may be that such emotions have an immobilizing effect on the onset of post natal depressive symptoms. In efforts to examine the influence of positive emotions on women during their transition into motherhood, the present study assessed 195 women across two stages: before and after childbirth. The aim of the study was to examine the variety of positive emotions that arise from childbirth, the relationship of positive emotions that arise from childbirth to maternity and other demographic variables and the relation between positive emotions that arise from childbirth and depressive post natal symptoms. Results revealed a significant manifestation of specific positive emotions such as joyfulness, pride, and interest after childbirth. Participants between the ages of 30 and 34 experienced a greater variety and intensity of positive emotions before and after. In turn, a negative relationship was found between the experience of positive emotion intensity and post natal depressive symptomatology. Factors such as education level, whether the birth was planned or not, and environmental and partner support were found to relate significantly to the manifestation of positive emotions.

<p>The article is devoted to the important problem of identification of the emotional well-being of preschool children in the family and educational organization. Basing on the analysis of existing approaches to this problem in Russian psychological and pedagogical science, the authors have identified the criteria field of the concept of "emotional well-being", which is a complex level structure of interrelated criteria and indicators: emotional background (manifestation of emotions), the ability to control emotions (emotional stability) and emotional perception of situations (emotional attitude to situations and events). Such manifestations in the behavior and activities of a child, depending on the conditions of his life in a family or educational organization, are negative or positive. The complexity of the concept of "emotional well-being" and the criteria field of its identification in childhood requires an integrated approach to the development of diagnostic tools. The authors announced a developed set of diagnostic tools, which includes methods that allow to record external indicators of the emotional state of a child, to identify the child's internal emotional attitude to current or predicted events, as well as to obtain an external indirect assessment of the child's subjective state and the child's subjective attitude to situations in the family and educational organization. It is noted that the announced methods can be used in the practice of preschool education in order to support psychological and pedagogical development of preschool children including various target groups, as well as in the targeted psychological assistance of families with preschool children.</p>

The article is devoted to the problem of research of the level of humane relationships formation by primary pupils on the criterion “Emotional-value attitude”. Based on the fact that «humane parent-child relationships» are such bilateral dynamic subject-subject interpersonal relationships, which are the foundation for the synthesis of moral knowledge, motives, feelings that determines the conscious mutual emotional and value attitudes of parents and children who are persistently manifested in real behavior, the author has identified a three-component structure of humane relationships between parents and children of primary school and teenagers, which contains cognitive, emotional, value and behavioral components. The indicators of emotional-value component were determined: the ability to recognize their own emotional states and manifestations, emotional-value attitude towards parents, need to feel the experience of parents, empathize with them; the need and desire to act in accordance with moral standards, to make moral decisions voluntarily for the benefit of parents; the ability to reflect. Using indicators of emotional-value criterion and a set of interrelated and complementary diagnostic methods and techniques (the adapted method by E. Listik «Assess your own emotions, the method of projective drawing “My family”, the method by D. Bidzhieva “Scale of a child’s attachment to members of his or her family”, the method by I. Dermanova “What is good and what is bad”, etc.) of primary pupils were conditionally divided into three groups. The first group consisted of primary pupils who are fully aware of their parents’ emotions, the need to feel their parents’ feelings, manage their emotions, and who are ready to empathize with their parents; relationships with parents are characterized by a lack of conflicts. The second group included children who did not fully recognize their parents’ emotions; who are not always ready to show empathy in their relationships with their parents. The third group consisted of teenagers who had almost no empathy for parents, the emotional attitude towards parents is negative, as well as the degree of satisfaction with communication with their parents is low; relationships are characterized by the presence of regular conflicts. The practical significance of the article is that its materials can be used in organizing educational work of institutions of general education, teacher training and pedagogical practice of students.

Care farming can improve the well-being of patients with mental illnesses. While interest in care farms is increasing in Korea, the focus remains on the business aspect. Systematic applications that consider the characteristics of patients with mental illnesses are scarce. Therefore, this qualitative study applied focused ethnography to explore the experiences of individuals with schizophrenia engaged in a care farming program in Korea. Focus group interviews with six program participants with schizophrenia and in-depth individual interviews with three on-site staff were conducted. Using content analysis, three categories of participants’ experiences were identified. The first category, “new nature-based approach,” had “different from existing rehabilitation programs” and “harmonizing with nature” as sub-categories. The second category, “therapeutic elements of care farming,” had “autonomous participation” and “customized operation” as sub-categories. The final category, “positive effects of care farming,” had “manifestation of various positive emotions” and “social adaptation through small growth changes in various aspects” as sub-categories. The findings provide key information for the development of novel and tailored approaches in Korea, where effective rehabilitation programs to support persons with mental disorders or disabilities are inadequate.

As emoções são manifestadas diferentemente de acordo com as características de jogos e esportes, sendo classificadas em positivas, negativas e ambíguas. Nesse sentido, a Praxiologia Motriz apresenta instrumentos de análise que permitem aprofundar a lógica interna dessas práticas motrizes, considerando também sua lógica externa. Assim, essa pesquisa objetivou caracterizar as emoções manifestadas pelos alunos do CTISM em jogos Informais e Formais de Voleibol. Para isso, como instrumento de pesquisa, aplicamos questionários aos 32 alunos participantes, considerando seus aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos. Os resultados mostraram que as emoções positivas obtiveram a maior frequência de manifestação nos jogos Informais, enquanto que nos jogos Formais foram as emoções negativas. Quando considerado o resultado da partida, as emoções positivas predominaram em alunos vencedores dos jogos Formais e as negativas em alunos perdedores. Portanto, constatamos que o Voleibol propicia a manifestação de diferentes emoções, dependendo do caráter do jogo e do resultado da partida.

Foreign language teaching enjoyment (FLTE) has recently been introduced as a broad positive emotion experienced by foreign language (FL) teachers, despite obstacles embedded in FL teaching. However, identifying its psychological outcomes – and the cultural specificity of these outcomes – has received scant research attention across different contexts. The present cross-cultural study aims to investigate whether teachers’ FLTE can predict and influence engagement and well-being in the English as a foreign language (EFL) context of Iran and China. A series of structural equation models (SEMs) indicated that EFL teachers’ FLTE affected their work engagement and well-being in both Iranian and Chinese samples, with structural invariance tests confirming the group-level differences between Iranian and Chinese EFL teachers in the light of FLTE outcomes. The study provides insight into the positive outcomes of positive emotions in FL teaching as framed by the lens of positive psychology. In addition, a rare non-Western cross-cultural comparison contributes to the ongoing discussions in literature regarding the influence of cultural contexts on the experience and outcome manifestation of positive emotions.

The article examines the peculiarities of people’s panic because of a prolonged extreme situation of uncertainty on the example of 2020 spring quarantine self-isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Excessive emotional reactions of the anxiety-phobic spectrum are a reflection, first of all, of a person’s internal state. And, most often, such reactions are associated with the compensation of other reasons causing the person’s overreactions to external triggers. In this case, panic arises because there is a combination of emotional factors and objective evidence that coronavirus (COVID-19) is a disease spread rapidly, so the infection can occur during short contact with the carrier. A large number of countries involved in the pandemic create the basis for panic reactions through the catastrophic idea that death is inevitable, because any person today is in the focus of infection. The study determined the intensity of positive and negative emotional states, characterized the peculiarities of experienced danger and helplessness during self-isolation, and analyzed the levels of trust in rumors and fake news regarding the likelihood of repeated quarantine in the future. The main manifestations of panic at the initial stage of its occurrence included deep changes in people’s emotional states, which contributed to excessive excitement of the psyche, the emergence of feelings of danger and helplessness, as well as uncritical perception by people of intensively circulated rumors. These manifestations preceded changes in people's behavior, which, obviously, was the embodiment of panic. The analyzed emotional reactions showed that 25% of the respondents had few positive emotions during quarantine self-isolation. During the quarantine period, from 75 to 99% of people believed that they were in a danger or retrospectively described it. The analysis also showed low levels of manifestations of such emotions as joy or relief. At the same time, the number of individuals who demonstrated highly negative emotions increased by the factor of 2–3. The number of respondents with the high degree of experiencing danger in a quarantine situation exceeds 65% of the sample, and the proportion of the respondents showing deep helplessness was more than 50%. The results also showed significant increase in the number of people who highly trusted in rumors and fake news and decreased number of people with low confidence in rumors about the threat of repeated self-isolation. The data obtained can become benchmarks for assessing the situation in settlements that are more prone to panic. In a prolonged extreme situation, in contrast to short-term panic, emotional stress increases gradually, which makes it possible to predict panic moods and apply timely measures preventing panic behavior among the population.  

This article is devoted to the reconstruction of the gendarme officers’ collective perceptions of the Russian Empire’s territory on the materials about the 2nd gendarme district. The study examined the records of the high police, which reflected the gendarme officers’ ideas about the people’s political loyalty and loyalist sentiments. The study is based on archival documents from the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GA RF), as well as pub-lished sources. The author suggests that during this period the gendarmerie officers’ collective ideas about the 2nd gen-darme district were stable and this territory was perceived as a completely loyal region. An analysis of the gendarmerie reports’ rhetoric revealed several stable emotional categories (positive and negative), which were perceived by the 3rd Department as a manifestation of the population’s loyalty to the throne. Positive emotions were expressed through the words: joy, delight, jubilation, tenderness, while negative emotions were conveyed by such words as: despondency, grief and sadness. Both emotional categories were also accompanied by tears of joy and grief. In addition, the documents clearly articulate the connection between the manifestation of certain emotions and confirmation of loyalty to the throne. It might be assumed that within the framework of this “emotional regime” there was no room for silence. In other words, events directly connected with the monarch figure invariably required a certain emotional background. The evaluative categories for the emotional narrative used, as well as a certain metaphorical nature of the language are characteristic features of these gendarme reports. They are characterized by an indication of the degree of reliability, as well as generaliza-tion and extrapolation of ideas about loyalty to the broad masses of the Russian population.

In this paper, we study the expression of positive emotions by a speaker (or speakers) in dialogue and their influence on the nature, process, development, conclusion, and termination of speech. Emotions are sensitive nuances underlying the core of speech that convey intentional and unintentional implicitness to the words, expressions, and sentences, concealing the real intentions and goals of the speakers. By virtue of our emotions, our speech can become more balanced as well as extremely disbalanced. Emotions are also considered to be an inseparable part of our behavior, actions, and attitude. By virtue of controllable emotions, various means of concealing linguistic (subtext, allusion, ellipsis, ambiguity, etc.) and extralinguistic (gestures, mimics, face-expression, intonation, diction, etc.) intentional implicitness beyond the lines become possible. In this paper, some manifestations of positive emotions are classified and substantiated with samples depending on the factual material in fiction. All types of emotions that have been studied in current observation are distributed into three main groups. We also refer to the implementation of linguistic means expressed in emotional discourse.

Unpacking EFL learners’ emotions and emotion-regulation strategies in digital collaborative academic reading projects: An integrated approach of vignette methodology and interview analysis