Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of conditions including central obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension that increases the risk for cardiometabolic diseases. Kelulut honey (KH) produced by stingless honey bees has stronger antioxidant properties compared to other honey types and may be a functional food against MetS. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of KH in preventing metabolic changes in rats with MetS induced by high-carbohydrate and high-fat (HCHF) diet. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the control (C), HCHF diet-induced MetS (S), and MetS supplemented with KH (K) groups. The K group was given KH (1 g/kg/day) for eight weeks. Compared to the control, the S group had significant higher omental fat mass, serum triglyceride, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressures, adipocyte area, and adipocyte perimeter (p < 0.05). KH supplementation significantly prevented these MetS-induced changes at week 16 (p < 0.05). Several compounds, including 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, coumaric and caffeic acids, had been detected via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis that might contribute to the reversal of these changes. The beneficial effects of KH against MetS-induced rats provide the basis for future KH research to investigate its potential use in humans and its molecular mechanisms in alleviating the disease.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of risk factors that increase the tendency for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes mellitus [1]
The compounds detected in Kelulut honey (KH) are 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid; caffeic acid derivative; caffeoyl glucose derivative; caffeoyl hexoside derivative; coumaric acid; gluconic acid; kynurenic acid derivative; pinobanksin; quinic acid; niazimicin; bisosthenon b; (6β,7α,12β,13β)-7-hydroxy-11,16-dioxo-8,14-apianadien-22,6-olide; aegle marmelos alkaloid c; 7-chloro-6-demethylcepharadione B; n-acetylglycine; and lanosterol (Table 1)
The Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) profiling of KH in this study showed the presence of 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, which is a major free-phenolic acids constituent in Malaysian stingless bee honey [30]
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of risk factors that increase the tendency for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes mellitus [1]. The prevalence of MetS varies by age, gender, and ethnicity, whereby individuals over the age of 50 years old, women, and those from Indian descent are at a greater risk of developing the syndrome [2]. 33% of the population over the age of 20 years old have been reported to have MetS [3]. The prevalence of MetS in the Asia Pacific region in 2017 was between 11.9% and 37.1%. Other factors that could increase the incidence of MetS are city-dwellers, rapid urbanization, and sedentary lifestyle especially among
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