Abstract
Abstract At the time of Joseph Babinski’s birth in 1857, Poland could boast but a mere shadow of its former glory. Following three successive partitions in the late eighteenth century, it was divided between Austria, Prussia, and Russia. As delimited in 1815 by the Treaty of Vienna, the Kingdom of Poland, also named “the Congress Kingdom,” comprised roughly three-quarters of the former Great Duchy of Warsaw and was ruled over by the Russian emperor. Cracow, where Joseph’s father was born, became a free city and enjoyed limited autonomy.
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