Abstract
The present study aims to investigate how different levels of spirituality and religiousness (high spirituality and high religiousness –S/R, high spirituality and low religiousness –S/r, low spirituality and high religiousness s/R and low spirituality and low religiousness – s/r) are associated with quality of life, depressive symptoms, anxiety, optimism and happiness among adults. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 1,046 Brazilian adults. Concerning the different levels of spirituality and religiousness, 49.2% had s/r, 26.5% S/R, 17.2% S/r and 7.1% s/R. Participants with S/R had better outcomes as compared to those with s/r and those with S/r in WHOQOL Psychological, Social Relationship and Environment, Optimism and happiness. Participants with s/R had better outcomes as compared to those with s/r in WHOQOL Psychological and Social Relationship, Optimism and happiness. Participants with S/r were different from those with s/r, with higher levels of WHOQOL Environment and happiness but also anxiety. The results revealed that, having higher levels of both spirituality and religiousness were more correlated to better outcomes than having just one of them or none of them. Likewise, having higher levels of religiousness in detriment of higher levels of spirituality was also associated with better outcomes in comparison to others.
Highlights
Several studies have been assessing the role of spirituality and religiousness (S/R) on well-being, quality of life (QoL), survival and physical and mental health worldwide[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
The FACIT-Sp 12 has been criticized by some authors due to overlapping concepts with well-being measures, and it would be appropriate to investigate if self-report spirituality and high religiousness (S/R) measures would have the same results
Concerning the levels of spirituality and religiousness of each participant, they were allocated in four subgroups: 49.2% had s/r, 26.5% S/R, 17.2% spirituality and low religiousness (S/r) and 7.1% spirituality and high religiousness (s/R)
Summary
Several studies have been assessing the role of spirituality and religiousness (S/R) on well-being, quality of life (QoL), survival and physical and mental health worldwide[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. A broader concept is provided by Puchalski et al.[15] who defines spirituality as the aspect of humanity that refers to the way individuals seek and express meaning and purpose and the way they experience their connectedness to the moment, to self, to others, to nature, and to the significant or sacred. These different definitions have been discussed by several authors in the last decades and no consensus has been reached[15,16]. The FACIT-Sp 12 has been criticized by some authors due to overlapping concepts with well-being measures, and it would be appropriate to investigate if self-report S/R measures would have the same results
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