Abstract
In this study, composite scaffolds with different multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) content were prepared by freeze-drying. These scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), porosity, hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, and degradation. The MWCNTs scaffolds were structurally sound and had porous structures that offered ample space for adherence, proliferation, and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells, and also supported the transport of nutrients and metabolic waste. CS/Gel/nHAp/0.3%MWCNTs scaffolds provided the best outcomes in terms of scaffold porosity, hydrophilicity, and degradation rate. However, CS/Gel/nHAp/0.6%MWCNTs scaffolds were found to support the optimal growth, homogenous distribution, and biological activity of MC3T3-E1 cells. The excellent properties of CS/Gel/nHAp/0.6%MWCNTs scaffolds for the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenesis differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro highlights the potential applications of this scaffold in bone tissue regeneration.
Highlights
Bone tissue, a tough connective tissue consisting of cells, fibers, and a cell matrix, constitutes the skeletal system of the body
After observation using scanning electron microscope (SEM), central areas of the scaffold were selected to measure the proportion of C element and to determine whether multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were incorporated into the scaffold
These results demonstrated that the MWCNTs added to each engineering scaffold application
Summary
A tough connective tissue consisting of cells, fibers, and a cell matrix, constitutes the skeletal system of the body. Three-dimensional (3D) biological scaffolds can support cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, and can influence the structure of the tissue-engineered transplant [16]. Cs and Gel are excellent biomaterials that can be used to simulate the function of the extracellular matrix in vivo [21,22] Their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low immunogenicity and cost, and their ability to support cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation [22,23,24,25,26] mean they have significant potential in bone tissue engineering [26,27,28,29,30]. MC3T3-E1 cells were inoculated on the CS/Gel/nHAp/MWCNTs scaffolds to assess cell proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization, and to more widely to explore its potential applications in tissue engineering
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