The ant1-plant mutualism communication: Mutual control

Recently, the application of self‐routing switches to transport processing nodes such as the digital cross‐connect system and digital switching system is being studied to realize a large‐capacity enhanced transport processing node by distributed control. For this purpose, Shuffle‐Exchange networks, Batcher‐Banyan networks, etc., have been proposed so far. A Shuffle‐Exchange network is minimal in its switch size but is a limited‐availability system. The Batcher‐Banyan network is a full availability system in a sense that the routing is controlled and automatically rearranged in a distributed manner at a switch cell. This paper proposes a new type of packet switching network, which consists of self‐routing switches having mutual switching control for packet headers between a pair of self‐routing switches. All the switch cells are controlled with only one bit of input packet header by the same switching algorithm. The proposed switching network is a nonblocking (fully available) switch having a self‐rearrangeable function similar to the Batcher‐Banyan network and is controlled in a distributed manner within a switch cell. Its performance is compared with those of existing switching networks and its characteristics are shown.

Group lending is a social innovation because the substitution of the guarantee on assets by the collective guarantee of the group of belonging leads to the financial inclusion of the excluded. In a lending group, members who know each other mutually control each other to guarantee repayment of the loan and its circulation among the members. Is the social collateral that supported the development of the offline microcredit to the world level transposable to social lending on the internet? To answer this question, this chapter aims at determining the factors of mutual supervision and control of the members within the affiliation group and examine the potential of their transposition on the internet. Understanding the conditions for transposing social security is not only a solution to the problem of the unbanked; it is also a source of inspiration for peer-to-peer activities which develop considerably on the internet.

The advancement of irradiation technology has increased the demand for quality control of radiation therapy equipment. Consequently, the number of quality control items and required personnel have also increased. However, differences in the proportion of qualified personnel to irradiation techniques have caused bias in quality control systems among institutions. To standardize the quality across institutions, researchers should conduct mutual quality control by analyzing the quality control data of one institution at another institution and comparing the results with those of their own institutions. This study uses failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) to identify potential risks in 12 radiation therapy institutions, compares the results before and after implementation of mutual quality control, and examines the utility of mutual quality control in risk reduction. Furthermore, a cost-effectiveness factor is introduced into FMEA to evaluate the utility of mutual quality control.

According to the social cybernetic model of behavior that is rooted in control theory, the ability of individuals to establish mutual control over their behaviors is an essential part of teamwork, and this becomes even more important during periods of intense collaboration. We investigated the efficacy of using ventilatory drive to assess social physiological compliance (SPC) associated with mutual control of social behaviors during a joint decision-making task. SPC can be scored in numerous ways but generally involves calculating the extent that physiological changes among participants are shared or synchronized. SPC based on ventilatory drive was considered a good candidate for scoring the extent of mutual control during teamwork because ventilatory drive is known to closely track changes in body metabolism and an individual’s bioenergetic state. Ventilatory drive, or the urge to breathe, can be estimated on a breath-by-breath basis by dividing the volume of one breath by the time it takes to inhale that breath.

How does an increase in the availability of detailed electronic information about behavior change organizations, and what kinds of choices influence those changes? This paper presents a model of mutual control, derived from studies of detailed information sharing in manufacturing, that describes one set of likely changes. According to the mutual control model, increasing pressures for tighter monitoring and control come from a mutual access to, and dependence on, shared electronic information that can be linked to the behavior of identifiable individuals and groups. That the demands for greater monitoring and control come from all directions in organizations, not simply upper management, is a finding that contrasts sharply with the traditional view of electronic surveillance and its concern with regulating managerial excess. The mutual control model also highlights how current systems design ideals, uncritically followed, contribute to the widespread demand for monitoring and tighter control within organi...

Parents and offspring have different optima for the level of parental resource allocation and the timing of nutritional independence. Theoretical models assume that either parents or offspring control the allocation of resources within a brood; however, control may also be mutual. Here, we investigate whether the resolution of parent–offspring conflict is biased towards cues from either the parents' or the offspring's behaviour, or whether the conflict is under mutual control. Importantly, we considered potential shifts in the power continuum over the entire period of juvenile dependency. The burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides parents provision food for the larvae, and the larvae solicit food from their parents with conspicuous begging displays. Both parental and larval behaviours change as larvae age. We repeatedly manipulated the age of the brood females care for, thereby creating mismatch between the age of the foster brood and expected age of the brood from the female parent's perspective, over the period of dependency in juvenile development. We found that females adjusted the total amount of provisioning based on the actual age of the brood. However, both the parent and the offspring influenced the levels of food provisioning, which followed neither the expected age of the brood from the parent's perspective nor offspring age. Our results suggest that there is mutual control over parental care, thus contradicting the dichotomous view of control over parental care. We suggest that the mutual influence of both parents and the offspring should be taken into account in development of future theory, as well as empirical studies.

This paper presents a study on the evaluation of a proposed interaction concept for cooperative driving in a lane-change scenario. First, cooperative driving is set into the context of human-machine cooperation. Second, for designing the system, the interaction between driver and car is established (based on mutual control), and the cooperation among different vehicles is elaborated. A timing sequence is presented for both. The corresponding multimodal user interface is introduced. The interface focuses on augmented reality via the contact analogue head-up display. During its design phase, certain mode aspects and design patterns are considered in order to improve the cooperation. Third, the implementation is outlined. Fourth, the evaluation is presented discussing the within-subjects experiment with 25 participants by means of three aspects: user interface quality, interaction timing and workload measurement, as a basis for user state inference. We obtained evidence that the proposed interaction concept improves cooperative behavior and increases safety. We furthermore verified a U-shaped relation between workload and performance by using a variety of different metrics. In a fifth step, future iterations are depicted.

The article investigates the peculiarities of the development of coherent speech and culture of communication of primary school students in the lessons of language and literature educational branch. The competence-based approach to speech and culture of communication, the emphasis shifts from the language-centred concept to the anthropocentric one, when the development of subject-subject learning is emphasised and a linguistic personality is formed, which possesses a set of abilities and properties that allow creating oral and written speech works, adequately understanding texts addressed to communicators, that is, communicating fully and effectively. The most important means of awakening the child’s self-awareness, stimulating his/her spiritual development, according to the national didactic tradition, is teaching the native language, which is the basis of national and cultural self-identification. One of the main methods of work on coherent speech and culture of communication is practical exercises, which are used in phases: the first phase is the task, which should contain a motive for performing a certain speech action/activity, a speech situation) and explanations of what and how the student should do (orally or in writing; independently or in pairs, in a group; in a notebook or on the board); the second phase is a sample of performance; the third phase is the task performance; the fourth phase is control, which can be either teacher’s control, self-control, or students’ mutual control. The exercises aimed at forming orthoepic, pronunciation, accentological and lexical norms, distinguishing intonation in sentences are systematised. Exercises aimed at studying the peculiarities of figurative meaning will be relevant. Grammatical skills are an integral part of all types of speech activity, the formation, improvement and development of which is the main task of teaching. As a result of working with primary school students using a system of exercises to form a culture of speech, not only does the students’ speech culture improve, but also their memory improves, they develop an attentive, thoughtful attitude to language and books, and the level of spelling literacy and interest in Ukrainian language lessons increases.

The article shows that culture development according to the network principle caused the transformation of the notion “privacy” itself and the formation of the society of mutual transparency where people keep an eye on each other. The process of culture internetization stimulated the powerful movement of both supporters and opponents of transparency, who try to escape from total control and to preserve the right to privacy. The paper traces the evolution of transparency caused by internetization of modern culture. Initially transparency comes out as the state supervision over the society and later on it took the form of citizens’ mutual control over each other. The author identifies such consequences of culture internetization as the minimization of mediatory structures and the transformation of institution of trust conditioned by the development of blockchain technology.

Protected Record (PR) is the proposed Ada 9X light-weight synchronization mechanism. We assume that the reader is familiar with the Ada 9X proposal for PR [DoD, DPW, BW]. The requeue is one of the Ada 9X mappings of the requirement for flexibility and user control over scheduling. Requeue implements the requirement for Mutual Control which is the capability to make adecision based on a relationship among the states of both parties in a rendezvous (Relationship between parameters passed in by the caller task and the state of a protected record/called task).In the August 1991 Ada 9X Mapping Rationale there is a discussion about the requeue proposal aimed at the improvement of real-time features of Ada language [MR]. We propose an alternative mapping called onlywhen barrier for the realization of Mutual Control. Our mapping seems like requiring relatively more changes in the semantics definitions and resulting in increased run-time costs, but reducing the complexity of the code substantially and ultimately making the implementation of the Mutual Control more efficient than by using the requeue. A resource allocation problem and some solutions to it utilizing requeue and private entries are presented in [MR] and also summarized in [BW]. We examine the same problem and provide alternative solutions using the onlywhen proposal.

We examine to what extent control behavior precipitates disputes involving adversaries in different social relationships. We hypothesize that disputes between intimate partners and illegal business partners are more likely than other disputes to involve control because they involve a higher level of interdependence between the participants. A sample of male inmates (n = 479) and nonoffenders (n = 206) were asked whether control behaviors (e.g., verbal commands) precipitated their most recent disputes (n = 1184). Bivariate probit regression models allowed us to examine mutual control as well as unilateral control. Disputes between intimate partners were more likely than disputes between adversaries in other relationships to be precipitated by mutual control, but not unilateral or one-sided control by men. Disputes between illegal business partners also predicted mutual control, but not unilateral control. Discussions of the motives for violence would benefit from consideration of the classic social psychological literature on power and influence.

In an application of procedural justice theory (Lind & Tyler, 1988; Tyler, 1989) to the domain of intergroup relations, we investigated justice preferences among members of numerical majority and minority groups as a function of two parameters: the number of representatives allotted to each group, and the decision rule used to determine the outcome (ranging from simple majority vote to unanimity). In the first study, minority group members perceived the combination of proportional representation and majority vote to be significantly less fair than all other combinations, and their choices of procedure stressed “mutual control” (when the decision rule exceeds the number of representatives possessed by either group). In a second study, majority group members perceived the combination of equal representation and majority vote to be significantly less fair than other procedures, but their choices of procedure did involve a considerable degree of mutual control. These findings suggest that there may be some basis for agreement between majority and minority group members' justice preferences and that both groups may perceive situations of mutual control to be acceptable. A third study involving both majority and minority group members ruled out an interpretation of the previous results in terms of motivation to maintain vs. change the status quo.

This study attempts to deepen our knowledge of the relationship between journalists and local politicians/officials. The study's primary conclusion is that there is a large degree of interplay between these groups, an observation that reinforces the findings of previous journalistic research. The findings are also in line with recent public relations research arguing that the journalist-politician relationship is governed by certain variables - particularly trust and mutual control - as well as recognising the importance of professional norms. Actors on both sides require manoeuvring space in which they can create and maintain a balance of power in the relationship. The interplay between the two groups results in four types of local journalism - documentation, promotional, watchdog and collaborative journalism.

The interaction between the source and load converters in cascaded DC-DC converters may cause instability. Thus, improving the stability of cascaded DC-DC converters is important. To solve the above-mentioned problem, a flowchart to improve the control method is established by calculating the eigenvalue sensitivity of a time-domain model of cascaded DC-DC converters. Further, an additional voltage-error mutual feedback control method is firstly proposed based on the flowchart provided in this study to improve the stability of cascaded DC-DC converters. Subsequently, the influence of the proposed mutual feedback control on the stability of cascaded DC-DC converters is analyzed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control method is verified by simulation and experiment.

Foreword Part I. Introduction and Theory: 1. Interpersonal situations: the context of social behavior 2. Outcome interdependence 3. Interaction conditions and person factors 4. Exploring the geography of the outcome patterns Part II The Situations: Preface to the Entries for the Situations Single Component Patterns: 1. Independence: we go our separate ways 2. Mutual partner control: I scratch your back, you scratch mine 3. Corresponding mutual joint control: getting in sync 4. Conflicting mutual joint control: match or mismatch Two- and three-component patterns: 5. The prisoner's dilemma: me versus we 6. Threat: trading loyalty for justice 7. Chicken: death before dishonor 8. Hero: let's do it your way 9. Conjunctive problems: together we can do it 10. Disjunctive problems: either of us can do it 11. Asymmetric dependence: you're the boss Time-extended patterns: 12. Iterated prisoner's dilemma: united we stand, divided we fall 13. Investment: building for the future 14. Delay of gratification: resisting temptation Incomplete information situations 15. Negotiation: can we agree on a deal? 16. Encounters with strangers: lack of information about a partner 17. Joint decisions under uncertainty: bird in the hand 18. Twists of fate: coping with an uncertain future N-person Situations 19. Third parties: effects of an outsider 20. N-person prisoner's dilemma: tragedy of the commons Movement from one situation to another 21. Movement among situations: where do we go from here? Part III. Epilogue.