The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 481 (Sept 1985), John J. Stremlau (Special Editor), Soviet Foreign Policy in an Uncertain World, Beverly Hills (CA), Sage Publications Inc., 1985, 216 p.

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 482 (November 1985), Thomas Naff and Marvin E. Wolfgang (Special Editors), Changing Patterns of Power in the Middle East, Beverly Hills (CA), Sage Publications Inc., 1985, 223 p.. Un article de la revue Études internationales (Volume 18, numéro 2, 1987, p. 285-492) diffusée par la plateforme Érudit.

Book Reviews

Politics and Society: Learning to Understand Human Biology - The Biology of Politics (International Political Science Review, Vol. 3/1), Douglas Madsen and John C. Wahlke, eds. Beverly Hills. CA: Sage Publications, 1982. - Biopolitics: Ethological and Physiological Approaches, (New Directions for Methodology of Social and Behavioral Science, 7), Meredith W. Watts, ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1981. - Biology and the Social Sciences: An Emerging Revolution, Thomas C. Wiegele, ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982. - Volume 2 Issue 1

L. John Martin, ed. Role of the Mass Media in American Politics, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol 427 (September 1976) C. Richard Hofstetter's Bias in the News: Network Television Coverage of the 1972 Election Campaign (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1976---$13.75) Louis Maisel's Changing Campaign Techniques: Elections and Values in Contemporary Democracies (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1976---$17.50/7.50)

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. 474, July 1984, 233p. Sage Publications, Inc., 275 South Beverly Drive, Beverly Hills, California 90212. $7.95

Handbook of Social Intervention. Edited by Edward Seidman, Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1983, pp. xxxvii + 684. $49.95. Public Communication Campaigns. Edited by Ronald E. Rice and William J. Paisley. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1981, pp. 320. $25.00. Managing Without Managers: Alternative Work Arrangements in Public Organization. Edited by Shan Martin. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1983, pp. 189. $24.00 (cloth) or $12.00 (paper). Job Stress and Burnout: Research, Theory, and Intervention Perspectives. Edited by Whiton Stewart Paine. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1982, pp. 296. $25.00 (cloth) or $12.50 (paper). Looking Foreward: A Guide to Futures Research. By Olaf Helmer. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1983, pp. 376. $29.95.

This chapter examines the main international migrations of Vietnamese after 1975 and Afghans after 1978. The two population flows are similar in many respects. They resulted from the same type of social conflict, consisting of revolutionary struggle compounded by foreign intervention. Both conflicts, moreover, became closely tied to the globalized confrontation between the two superpowers, and the people leaving both Vietnam and Afghanistan have been widely recognized as refugees by intergovernmental and governmental agencies. A striking difference between the two movements, however, is that most of the Afghans outside their country have remained in Asia, whereas few of the Vietnamese have. Apart from forming an interesting pair in and of themselves, the two cases are theoretically significant. They reveal crucial relationships between the causes and the directions of movement in certain types of migrations that are formally recognized as consisting of refugees. The Vietnamese represent the classic resettlement case involving a largescale, organized movement of people from Asia to Western Europe and the United States. The Afghans provide the contrasting case. Millions are concentrated in refugee camps or have spontaneously settled in neighboring countries, while only a tiny proportion has been resettled elsewhere.

Action-Research in Community Development, [edited] by Ray Lees and George Smith. London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975. Pp. 202. Paper, $11.95. Complaining: Comparative Aspects of Complaint Behavior and Attitudes Toward Complaining in Canada and Britain, by Karl A. Friedmann. Sage Professional Papers in Adminis trative and Policy Studies, Vol. I, series 03-019. Beverly Hills & London: Sage Publications,

Book Reviews

International Studies and the Social Sciences: Problems, Priorities and Prospects in the United States. By James N. Rosenau. (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1973. Pp. 147. 5.00, paper.) - Volume 70 Issue 3

Chapter 8 – Media reporting of migrants and migration

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Yves Besson, “Identity Crises as a Paradigm of Middle Eastern Conflictuality,” International Social Science Journal, Vol. 43, No. 1 (1991), p. 136. 2. Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, 1988), p. 83. 3. Arjun Appadurai, “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy,” Public Culture, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Spring 1990), p. 7. 4. Mike Featherstone, Undoing Culture: Globalization, Postmodernism and Identity (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995), pp. 102–103. 5. Mike Featherstone, Undoing Culture: Globalization, Postmodernism and Identity (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995), p. 14. 6. E. Fuat Keyman, Globalization, State, Identity/Difference (New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1997). 7. E. Fuat Keyman, Globalization, State, Identity/Difference (New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1997), p. 79. 8. Roland Robertson, “Mapping the Global Condition: Globalization as the Central Concept,” in Mike Featherstone, Global Culture, Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity (New York: Sage Publications, 1990), p. 21. 9. In line with Robertson's arguments, discussions about the effects of globalization on Turkish national identity in this study starts with the Tanzimat era and the late nineteenth century, when political Westernization of Turkey began. 10. Modernization theories were the first social scientific theories that dealt with global cultural flows (civilization as a process). However, the fact that these theories emerged during the 1960s does not indicate that the events that were theorized occurred simultaneously with these theories. For example, issues of cultural integration and national identity formation, which were subjects of modernization and development theories, go back to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Theories that emerged during the 1960s studied the events that were in progress and started earlier. In other words, discussions in this study about the modernization era as the beginning of contemporary cultural processes do not imply that the 1960s marked the beginnings of globalization. 11. David E. Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, 1965), p. 43. 12. Csaba Polony, “Editorial Statement: Tradition/Modernity/Postmodernity, the Commodity and Paradigmatic Shifts,” Left Curve, 1993, at: www.wco.com/ ∼ leftcurv/EdPosition.htm (March 3, 1999). 13. Lucien W. Pye, Aspects of Political Development (Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co., 1966), p. 10. 14. The modernization era was the period of the establishment of nation states and their cultural bases in the Third World similar to their forefathers in Europe. Assimilation meant the homogenization of the national culture by dissolving differences. In that sense, what modernization claimed culturally for the nation state was claimed by globalization worldwide. While modernization dissolved national differences into a national culture, today globalization claims to dissolve national cultures into a global culture. Here, globalization arguments appear as a continuation of modernization arguments at a higher level. 15. Luis Roniger, “Public Life and Globalization as Cultural Vision,” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, Vol. 32, No. 2 (1995), p. 261 fn. 16. Pye, Aspects of Political Development, p. 8. 17. Featherstone, Undoing Culture: Globalization, Postmodernism and Identity. 18. Featherstone, Undoing Culture: Globalization, Postmodernism and Identity, p. 116. 19. Featherstone, Undoing Culture: Globalization, Postmodernism and Identity, p. 14. 20. M. Kearney, “The Local and the Global: The Anthropology of Globalization and Transnationalism,” Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 24 (Oct. 1995), pp. 547–65. 21. Ulf Hannerz, “Scenarios for Peripheral Cultures,” in Anthony D. King, Culture, Globalization and the World System: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), pp. 119, 123. 22. Featherstone, Undoing Culture: Globalization, Postmodernism and Identity, p. 3. 23. Abu-Lughod Janet, “Going Beyond Global Babble,” in King, Culture, Globalization and the World System: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity, pp. 131–37. 24. Anthony D. King, “Introduction: Spaces of Culture, Spaces of Knowledge,” in King, Culture, Globalization and the World System: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity, p. 8. 25. Claudio Lomnitz, “Decadence in Times of Globalization,” Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 9, No. 2 (1994), p. 262. 26. Edibe Sözen, “Batının Öteki Yüzü,” Zaman, March 25, 1999. 27. Roland Robertson, Globalization, Social Theory and Global Culture (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1992), pp. 58–59. 28. Anthony D. Smith, “Is There a Global Culture?” Intermedia, Vol. 20, Nos. 4–5 (1992), pp. 11–12. 29. Kearney, “The Local and the Global: The Anthropology of Globalization and Transnationalism,” p. 554. 30. Lomnitz, “Decadence in Times of Globalization,” p. 259. 31. Jonathan Friedman, “Global System, Globalization and the Parameters of Modernity,” in Mike Featherstone, Scott Lash, and Roland Robertson, Global Modernities (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995), p. 250. 32. David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (New York: I. B. Tauris, 1997), pp. 131–37. 33. Edward Said supports the argument about the clash of civilizations happening within nations. According to him, Huntington's error “is that he does not see the battle is not between civilizations but inside them.” Edward Said, “What is Islam?” An interview by Alexander Cockburn, New Statesman and Society, Vol. 8 (Feb. 10, 1995), pp. 20–22. 34. Philip Schlesinger, “Wishful Thinking. Cultural Politics, Media, and Collective Identities in Europe,” Journal of Communication, Vol. 43, No. 2 (1993), p. 7. 35. W.J.M. Mackenzie, Political Identity (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978), p. 130. 36. On the chart, there is no perfect match between the areas of a culture and of a national identity. Portions of a national identity are left purposefully outside the cultural area to indicate external influences and the effects of globalization on identity formation processes. Even though Schlesinger argues that a culture constitutes “the boundaries for versions of national identity,” the author contends that there are external influences affecting a national identity outside culturally defined boundaries. Philip Schlesinger, “On National Identity: Some Conceptions and Misconceptions Criticized,” Social Science Information, Vol. 26, No. 2 (1987), pp. 219–64. If we think of the circle of national identity as a soft water ball, external forces push and stretch that ball and change the overlapping areas between culture and national identity. As a result, a previously excluded identity can be included in the national identity, or the opposite. A national identity, apart from its internal dynamics, cannot remain constant because of the effects of globalization: external pushes and pulls. 37. Burkart Holzner and Roland Robertson, “Identity and Authority: A Problem Analysis of Processes of Identification and Authorization,” in Burkart Holzner and Roland Robertson, Identity and Authority: Explorations in the Theory of Society (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980), p. 5. 38. Ulf Hannerz, Cultural Complexity: Studies in the Social Organization of Meaning (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), p. 7. 39. Hannerz, “Scenarios for Peripheral Cultures,” in King, Culture, Globalization and the World System: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity, pp. 112–16. 40. Anthony D. Smith, “The Formation of National Identity,” in Henry Harris, Identity: Essays Based on Herbert Spencer Lectures Given in the University of Oxford (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 129–53. 41. Anthony D. Smith, “The Formation of National Identity,” in Henry Harris, Identity: Essays Based on Herbert Spencer Lectures Given in the University of Oxford (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), p. 131. 42. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (New York: Basic Books, 1973), p. 314. 43. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1963), p. 13. 44. Gabriel Almond, “The Intellectual History of the Civic Culture Concept,” in Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, Civic Culture Revisited (Boston, MA: Little Brown and Co., 1980). 45. Politicization of a culture does not necessarily suggest the institutionalization of a cultural movement, their representation in a political party, or political demonstrations. Any kind of public expression, especially through speeches and writings, of cultural traits, both within the members of that culture and the ones outside the assumed collectivity can be considered as politicization. In this way, an identity comes into existence through expression, and becomes politicized. Even though consciousness of people is crucial for an identity, unexpressed consciousness is insufficient to form an identity. Identity cannot exist unless its existence is felt both within and outside a group and this can only occur through public expressions. Tehranian argues that “our identities are thus formed through our primary culture (identification with significant others), secondary culture (language and cosmology), and tertiary culture (mediated communication). According to her, identities are formed through a public discourse in which these three elements interact. Katherine Kia Tehranian, “Global Communication and Pluralization of Identities,” Futures, Vol. 30, Nos. 2–3 (1997), p. 212. 46. Holzner and Robertson, “Identity and Authority: A Problem Analysis of Processes of Identification and Authorization,” in Holzner and Robertson, Identity and Authority: Explorations in the Theory of Society,” pp. 5–10. 47. Geoff Eley and Ronald Grigor Suny, “Introduction: From the Moment of Social History to the Work of Cultural Representation,” in Geoff Eley and Ronald Grigor Suny, Becoming National: A Reader (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 6; Holzner and Robertson, “Identity and Authority: A Problem Analysis of Processes of Identification and Authorization,” in Holzner and Robertson, Identity and Authority: Explorations in the Theory of Society, p. 14. 48. Kevin A. Hill and John E. Hughes, “Computer-Mediated Political Communication: The USENET and Political Communities,” Political Communication, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1997), pp. 3–27. 49. Tehranian, “Global Communication and Pluralization of Identities,” pp. 211–17. 50. Thomas K. Fitzgerald, “Media and Changing Metaphors of Ethnicity and Identity,” Media, Culture & Society, Vol.13, No. 2 (1991), p. 195. 51. John Nguyet Erni, “On the Limits of ‘Wired Identity’ in the Age of Global Media,” Identities, Vol. 2, No. 4 (1996), pp. 419–28. 52. David J. Elkins, “Globalization, Telecommunication, and Virtual Ethnic Communities,” International Political Science Review, Vol. 18, No. 2 (1997), pp. 139–52; and Tehranian, “Global Communication and Pluralization of Identities.”. 53. Nevzat Soğuk, “Transnational/Transborder Bodies: Resistance, Accommodation, and Exile in Refugee and Migration Movements on the US–Mexican Border,” in Hayward R. Alker and Michael J. Shapiro, Challenging Boundaries: Global Flows, Territorial Identities (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), pp. 285–326. 54. Melucci's arguments are cited in Philip Schlesinger, “On National Identity: Some Conceptions and Misconceptions Criticized,” Social Science Information, Vol. 26, No. 2 (1987), pp. 236–38. 55. Actually, Habermas is the first person to discuss these two categories of an identity crisis in Legitimacy Crisis. A similar classification can be found in Roy F. Baumeister, Jeremy P. Shapiro, and Dianne M. Tice, “Two Kinds of Identity Crisis,” Journal of Personality, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1985), pp. 407–25. 56. Tehranian, “Global Communication and Pluralization of Identities,” p. 213. 57. Guy E. Swanson, “A Basis of Authority and Identity in Post-Industrial Society,” in Holzner and Robertson, Identity and Authority: Explorations in the Theory of Society, p. 191. 58. Gaetano Mosca, The Ruling Class, Hannah D. Kahn (trans.) (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1939), p. 72. 59. Roland Robertson, “Aspects of Identity and Authority in Sociological Theory,” in Holzner and Robertson, Identity and Authority: Explorations in the Theory of Society, p. 258. 60. Roland Robertson, “Aspects of Identity and Authority in Sociological Theory,” in Holzner and Robertson, Identity and Authority: Explorations in the Theory of Society, p. 249. 61. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1996). 62. Philip Schlesinger, “A Question of Identity,” New European, Vol. 5 (1992), p. 11. 63. Erik Erikson, Identity, Youth and Crisis (New York: Norton & Company, 1968) p. 16; Andre Gunder Frank, “Crisis of Ideology and Ideology of Crisis,” in Samir Amin, Giovanni Aarighi, Andre Gunder Frank, and Immanuel Wallerstein, Dynamics of Global Crisis (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1982), p. 109; and Immanuel Wallerstein, “Crisis as Transition,” in Samir Amin et. al., Dynamics of Global Crisis, pp. 11–54. 64. Samuel Huntington, Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Touchstone, 1996), p. 245. 65. Hannerz, “Scenarios for Peripheral Cultures,” in King, Culture, Globalization and the World System: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity, pp. 17–19. 66. Lucian W. Pye, Politics, Personality, and Nation Building: Burma's Search for Identity (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1962), pp. 19–21. 67. Jonathan Friedman, “Transnationalization, Socio-Political Disorder and Ethnification as Expressions of Declining Global Hegemony,” at: www2.hawaii.edu/ ∼ fredr/friedman.htm (April 14, 1999), p. 6. 68. Seymour Martin Lipset, “Social Conflict, Legitimacy, and Democracy,” in William Connolly, Legitimacy and the State (New York: New York University, 1984), p. 90. 69. Seymour Martin Lipset, “Social Conflict, Legitimacy, and Democracy,” in William Connolly, Legitimacy and the State (New York: New York University, 1984), p. 88. 70. Philippe C. Schmitter, “Some Basic Assumptions About the Consolidation of Democracy,” in Takashi Inoguchi, Edward Newman, and John Keane, The Changing Nature of Democracy (New York: The United Nations University, 1998), p. 28. 71. Philippe C. Schmitter, “Dangers and Dilemmas of Democracy,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1994), p. 59. 72. Philippe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, “What Democracy is … and is Not,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Summer 1991), pp. 50–54. 73. Doh Chull Shin, “On the Third Wave of Democratization. A Synthesis and Evaluation of Recent Theory and Research,” World Politics, Vol. 47 (Oct. 1994), pp. 148–49. 74. Takashi Inoguchi, Edward Newman, and John Keane, “Introduction: The Changing Nature of Democracy,” in Inoguchi, Newman, and Keane, The Changing Nature of Democracy, pp. 15–16. 75. John S. Dryzek, “Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 90, No. 1 (1996), p. 486. 76. Chantal Mouffe, “Democracy, Power and the ‘Political,’” in Seyla Benhabib, Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996), pp. 245–56. 77. Dryzek, “Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization,” p. 477. 78. Iris Marion Young, “Communication and the Other: Beyond Deliberative Democracy,” and Joshua Cohen, “Procedure and Substance in Deliberative Democracy,” both in Benhabib, Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political, pp. 102 and 126. 79. Dryzek, “Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization,” p. 481. 80. Sheldon S. Wolin, “Fugitive Democracy,” in Benhabib, Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political, p. 34. 81. Alberto Melucci and Timo Lyyra, “Collective Action, Change, and Democracy,” in Marco G. Giugni, Doug McAdam, and Charles Tilly, From Contention to Democracy (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1998), p. 220. 82. Mouffe, “Democracy, Power and the ‘Political,’” in Benhabib, Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political, p. 246. 83. Joshua Cohen, “Procedure and Substance in Deliberative Democracy,” in Benhabib, Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political, pp. 95–97. 84. Larry Diamond, “Three Paradoxes of Democracy.” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 1 (Summer 1990), pp. 119–20. 85. Schmitter and Karl, “What Democracy is … and is Not,” p. 53. 86. Wolin, “Fugitive Democracy,” p. 42. 87. Schmitter, “Some Basic Assumptions About the Consolidation of Democracy,” in Inoguchi, Newman, and Keane, The Changing Nature of Democracy, p. 29. 88. Mouffe, “Democracy, Power and the ‘Political,’” in Benhabib, Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political, pp. 247–48. 89. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 5. 90. Quoted by Ahmet Taner Kışlalı in Cumhuriyet, May 28, 1999. 91. The term “full democratization” should be read as “a consolidated democracy.” In the literature, consolidated democracies are defined as the political regimes where democracy becomes “the only game in town” and other alternatives are inconceivable. If a country is fully democratized, democracy in that country is consolidated. 92. Simten Coşar, “Liberalizmin Açmazlarına Bir Giriş: Ahmet Ağaoğlu,” in E. Fuat Keyman and A. Yaşar Sarıbay, Küreselleşme, Sivil Toplum ve İslam: Türkiye Üzerine Yansımalar (Ankara: Vadi Yayınları, 1998), p. 151. 93. Fred Dallmayr, “Democracy and Multiculturalism,” in Benhabib, Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political, pp. 288–89. 94. Yehuda Amir, “Contact Hypothesis in Ethnic Relations,” Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 71, No. 5 (1969), pp. 319–42; Corinne Kosmitzki, “The Reaffirmation of Cultural Identity in Cross-Cultural Encounters,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 3 (1996), pp. 238–48; Walter G. Stephan, “The Contact Hypothesis in Intergroup Relations,” in Clyde Hendrick, Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, Review of Personality and Social Psychology Vol. 9 (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1987), pp. 13–40. 95. Amir, “Contact Hypothesis in Ethnic Relations.”. 96. Amir, “Contact Hypothesis in Ethnic Relations.”, p. 330. 97. Nicolas Berdyaev, The Origin of Russian Communism (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1937), p. 18. 98. Hüsamettin Arslan, “Pozitivizm, Bir Bilim İdeolojisinin Anatomisi,” in Sebahattin Şen, Türk Aydını ve Kimlik Sorunu (İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık, 1995), p. 567. 99. Hüsamettin Arslan, “Pozitivizm, Bir Bilim İdeolojisinin Anatomisi,” in Sebahattin Şen, Türk Aydını ve Kimlik Sorunu (İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık, 1995), p. 568. 100. Baskın Oran, Atatürk Milliyetçiliği: Resmi İdeoloji Dışı Bir İnceleme (Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi, 1990), p. 240. 101. Baskın Oran, Atatürk Milliyetçiliği: Resmi İdeoloji Dışı Bir İnceleme (Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi, 1990), p. 251. 102. Baskın Oran, Atatürk Milliyetçiliği: Resmi İdeoloji Dışı Bir İnceleme (Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi, 1990), p. 253. 103. Baskın Oran, Atatürk Milliyetçiliği: Resmi İdeoloji Dışı Bir İnceleme (Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi, 1990), p. 140–241. 104. Orhan Pamuk, The Black Book, London: Faber and Faber, 1995, p. 54. 105. Taner Timur, Osmanlı Kimliği (Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 1998). 106. Victor Gecas, “The Self-Concept,” Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 8 (1982), p. 6. 107. Victor Gecas, “The Self-Concept,” Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 8 (1982), p. 14. 108. Henri Tajfel, “Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations,” Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 33, No. 1 (1982), pp. 24–25; Louk Hagendoorn, “Ethnic Categorization and Outgroup Exclusion: Cultural Values and Social Stereotypes in the Construction of Ethnic Hierarchies,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1 (1993), pp. 26–51; Yueh-Ting Lee and Victor Ottati, “Perceived In-group Homogeneity as a Function of Group Membership Salience and Stereotype Threat,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 21, No. 6 (1995), pp. 610–19; and Claude M. Steele, “A Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance,” American Psychologist, Vol. 52, No. 6 (1997), pp. 613–29. 109. Antronette K. Yancey, “Identity Formation and Social Maladaptation in Foster Adolescents,” Adolescence, Vol. 27, No. 108 (1992), pp. 819–31. 110. Kenneth E. Boulding, The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, 1961), p. 71. Even though Boulding uses the term “image” in the sense of knowledge about both ourselves and the things outside us, there is a great overlap between his use of the term and the the author the of a group by the can be as knowledge about the differences between the uses of the term “image” by Boulding and the author are Charles “The Politics of in the Politics of (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 32. Charles “The Politics of in the Politics of (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 64. of an identity to its of internal A identity to the nation as a The of is to the between identity and the image as An identity to its its Lee and In-group Homogeneity as a Function of Group Membership Salience and Stereotype that when their members of that group their group as when the are a of their Hagendoorn, “Ethnic Categorization and Outgroup Exclusion: Cultural Values and Social Stereotypes in the Construction of Ethnic Tajfel, “Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations.”. 116. and of Identity and Social on Ethnic in in Henri Tajfel, Social Identity and Intergroup University Press, 1982), p. Tajfel, “Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations,” p. 82. 16, Timur, in Osmanlı Kimliği the use of the term by as and argues that though and Eastern the he was was from on According to Timur, were not the during the and eighteenth but outside these in that era to about their and be in with the that is that Eastern a term in the political as the in as a but does not to as we to a group of people were by a and by the State as J. and History of the and Modern and The of Modern (New York: University Press, 1977), p. The of Modern Turkey Oxford University Press, p. 123. The of Modern Turkey Oxford University Press, pp. The of Modern Turkey Oxford University Press, p. and History of the and Modern and The of Modern pp. 126. (Ankara: pp. The of the A in the Modernization of Turkish Political (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1962), p. 4. The of Modern pp. The is the Turkish of the Islamic this the Turkish is 130. The of Modern pp. 131. about the or were because to the were not a group within the and of the the term to subjects in The of Modern p. Even as an identity and the of identity there was no on the Some people as as ve (İstanbul: 1998), p. The of Modern Turkey (New York: pp. and History of the and Modern and The of Modern p. The is in because a of these were not Turkish or the of its outside Turkish boundaries. Even people the of were from other In a sense, the of the of were not the of For example, a was from which today is within the boundaries of to these as Turkish in an sense is not be considered as of 8 March On the and Conditions in the with the of p. 136. p. 4. at: Yayınları, 1963), Yayınları, 1963), p. 15. Yayınları, 1963), p. 16. Yayınları, 1963), p. 27. Yayınları, 1963), p. 31. Yayınları, 1963), p. 46. Türk Türk Kimliği ve (İstanbul: 1998), p. The Turkish is as Türk Türk Kimliği ve pp. Türk Türk Kimliği ve p. The Turkish is as Türk ve (İstanbul: The Development of in Turkey (New York: 1998), pp. The of Modern p. in Cumhuriyet, ve Kimlik (İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınları, 1997), p. 58. in and Ahmet Türkiye (İstanbul: Yayınları, 1990), pp. argues that the of between the Kurds and the was In the of the the country the the Kurds to to According to the was not to in the to in Essays in and Turkish The of the University of Press, 1990), p. 151. Oran, Atatürk Milliyetçiliği: Resmi İdeoloji Dışı Bir pp. The State in Turkey Press,

Criminal Behavior A Psyohosocial Approach, Second Edition, by Curt R. Bartol and Anne M. Bartol. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice‐Hall, 1986, 347 pp., hb.. A Capacity to Punish: The Ecology of Crime and Punishment, by Henry N. Pontell. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984, 140 pp., $19.50 cloth, $9.95 paper. Delinquency and Community: Creating Opportunities and Controls by Alden D. Miller and Lloyd E. Ohlin. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1985, 208 pp. The Economics of Prostitution by Helen Reynolds. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1986, 206 pp., $24.75 hb. Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use by Delbert S. Elliot, David Huizinga and Suzanne S. Ageton. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1985, 176 pp., hb. Physical and Sexual Abuse of Children; Causes and Treatment by David R, Walters. Bloomington; Indiana University Press, 1975, 192 pp. Female Crime and Delinquency by Coramae Richey Mann. University, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 1984, 331 pp. Patterns of Juvenile Delinquency by Howard B. Kaplan. Beverly Hills, California: SAGE Publications, 1984, 160 pp., pb.

Delinquency and Community: Creating Opportunities and Controls. By Alden D. Miller and Lloyd E. Ohlin. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1985. 208 pp. $29.95 Get access Delinquency and Community: Creating Opportunities and Controls. By Miller Alden D. and Ohlin Lloyd E.. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1985. 208 pp. $29.95. Charles Shireman Charles Shireman Portland State UniversityPortland, Oregon Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Social Work, Volume 32, Issue 3, May-June 1987, Pages 261–262, https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/32.3.261-b Published: 01 May 1987

Journal Article Behavior in New Environments: Adaptation of Migrant Populations. Edited by Eugene B. Brody. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1970. 480 pp. $12.50 Get access Behavior in New Environments: Adaptation of Migrant Populations. Edited by Brody Eugene B.. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1970. 480 pp. $12.50. Hideki A. Ishisaka Hideki A. Ishisaka School of Social Welfare University of CaliforniaBerkeley, California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Social Work, Volume 16, Issue 4, October 1971, Pages 111–112, https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/16.4.111 Published: 01 October 1971